Identifying products based on proportions of nearby bottles

ABSTRACT

A system for acquiring images of products in a retail store is disclosed. The system may include at least one first housing configured for location on a retail shelving unit, and at least one image capture device included in the at least one first housing and configured relative to the at least one first housing such that an optical axis of the at least one image capture device is directed toward an opposing retail shelving unit when the at least one first housing is fixedly mounted on the retail shelving unit. The system may further include a second housing configured for location on the retail shelving unit separate from the at least one first housing, the second housing may contain at least one processor configured to control the at least one image capture device and also to control a network interface for communicating with a remote server. The system may also include at least one data conduit extending between the at least one first housing and the second housing, the at least one data conduit being configured to enable transfer of control signals from the at least one processor to the at least one image capture device and to enable collection of image data acquired by the at least one image capture device for transmission by the network interface.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.16/354,672, filed Mar. 15, 2019, which is a continuation of PCTInternational Application No. PCT/US2019/013054, filed Jan. 10, 2019,which claims the benefit of priority of U.S. Provisional PatentApplication No. 62/615,512, filed on Jan. 10, 2018, U.S. ProvisionalPatent Application No. 62/681,718, filed on Jun. 7, 2018, and U.S.Provisional Patent Application No. 62/695,469, filed on Jul. 9, 2018,all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

BACKGROUND I. Technical Field

The present disclosure relates generally to systems, methods, anddevices for identifying products in retail stores, and more specificallyto systems, methods, and devices for capturing, collecting, andautomatically analyzing images of products displayed in retail storesfor purposes of providing one or more functions associated with theidentified products.

II. Background Information

Shopping in stores is a prevalent part of modern daily life. Storeowners (also known as “retailers”) stock a wide variety of products onstore shelves and add associated labels and promotions to the storeshelves. Typically, retailers have a set of processes and instructionsfor organizing products on the store shelves. The source of some ofthese instructions may include contractual obligations and otherpreferences related to the retailer methodology for placement ofproducts on the store shelves. Nowadays, many retailers and supplierssend people to stores to personally monitor compliance with the desiredproduct placement. Such a monitoring technique, however, may beinefficient and may result in nonuniform compliance among retailersrelative to various product-related guidelines. This technique may alsoresult in significant gaps in compliance, as it does not allow forcontinuous monitoring of dynamically changing product displays. Toincrease productivity, among other potential benefits, there is atechnological need to provide a dynamic solution that will automaticallymonitor retail spaces. Such a solution, for example and among otherfeatures, may automatically determine whether a disparity exists betweena desired product placement and an actual product placement.

The disclosed devices and methods are directed to providing new ways formonitoring retail establishments using image processing and supportingsensors.

SUMMARY

Embodiments consistent with the present disclosure provide systems,methods, and devices for capturing, collecting, and analyzing images ofproducts displayed in retail stores. For example, consistent with thedisclosed embodiments, an example system may receive an image depictinga store shelf having products displayed thereon, identify the productson the store shelf, and trigger an alert when disparity exists betweenthe desired product placement and the actual product placement.

Consistent with disclosed embodiments, a system for acquiring images ofproducts in a retail store is disclosed. The system may include at leastone first housing configured for location on a retail shelving unit, andat least one image capture device included in the at least one firsthousing and configured relative to the at least one first housing suchthat an optical axis of the at least one image capture device isdirected toward an opposing retail shelving unit when the at least onefirst housing is fixedly mounted on the retail shelving unit. The systemmay further include a second housing configured for location on theretail shelving unit separate from the at least one first housing, thesecond housing may contain at least one processor configured to controlthe at least one image capture device and also to control a networkinterface for communicating with a remote server. The system may alsoinclude at least one data conduit extending between the at least onefirst housing and the second housing, the at least one data conduitbeing configured to enable transfer of control signals from the at leastone processor to the at least one image capture device and to enablecollection of image data acquired by the at least one image capturedevice for transmission by the network interface.

Consistent with disclosed embodiments, a method for acquiring images ofproducts in a retail store is disclosed. The method may include fixedlymounting on a retail shelving unit at least one first housing containingat least one image capture device such that an optical axis of the atleast one image capture device is directed to an opposing retailshelving unit. The method may also include fixedly mounting on theretail shelving unit a second housing at a location spaced apart fromthe at least one first housing, the second housing containing at leastone processor. The method may further include extending at least onedata conduit between the at least one first housing and the secondhousing. The method may additionally include capturing images of theopposing retail shelving unit using the at least one image capturedevice, and transmitting at least some of the captured images from thesecond housing to a remote server configured to determine planogramcompliance relative to the opposing retail shelving unit.

In one embodiment, a sensing system for monitoring planogram complianceon a store shelf may comprise a plurality of detection elementsconfigured to detect placement of products on the store shelf and atleast one processor. The at least one processor may be configured toreceive first signals from a first subset of detection elements fromamong the plurality of detection elements after one or more of aplurality of products are placed on at least one area of the store shelfassociated with the first subset of detection elements and use the firstsignals to identify at least one pattern associated with a product typeof the plurality of products. The at least one processor may be furtherconfigured to receive second signals from a second subset of detectionelements from among the plurality of detection elements. The secondsignals may be indicative of no products being placed on at least onearea of the store shelf associated with the second subset of detectionelements. The at least one processor may be further configured to usethe second signals to determine at least one empty space on the storeshelf; determine, based on the at least one pattern and the at least oneempty space, at least one aspect of planogram compliance; and transmitan indicator of the at least one aspect of planogram compliance to aremote server.

In one embodiment, a method for monitoring planogram compliance in astore shelf may comprise receiving first signals from a first subset ofa plurality of detection elements after one or more of a plurality ofproducts are placed on at least one area of the store shelf associatedwith the first subset of detection elements and using the first signalsto identify at least one pattern associated with a product type of theplurality of products. The method may further comprise receiving secondsignals from a second subset of the plurality of detection elements. Thesecond signals may be indicative of no products being placed on at leastone area of the store shelf associated with the second subset ofdetection elements. The method may further comprise using the secondsignals to determine at least one empty space on the store shelf;determining, based on the at least one pattern and the at least oneempty space, at least one aspect of planogram compliance; andtransmitting an indicator of the at least one aspect of planogramcompliance to a remote server.

In one embodiment, a computer program product for monitoring planogramcompliance a store shelf may be embodied in a non-transitorycomputer-readable medium and executable by at least one processor. Thecomputer program product may include instructions for causing the atleast one processor to execute a method. The method may comprisereceiving first signals from a first subset of a plurality of detectionelements after one or more of a plurality of products are placed on atleast one area of the store shelf associated with the first subset ofdetection elements and using the first signals to identify at least onepattern associated with a product type of the plurality of products. Themethod may further comprise receiving second signals from a secondsubset of the plurality of detection elements. The second signals may beindicative of no products being placed on at least one area of the storeshelf associated with the second subset of detection elements. Themethod may further comprise using the second signals to determine atleast one empty space on the store shelf; determining, based on the atleast one pattern and the at least one empty space, at least one aspectof planogram compliance; and transmitting an indicator of the at leastone aspect of planogram compliance to a remote server.

In one embodiment, a sensing system for monitoring planogram complianceon a store shelf may comprise a plurality of detection elementsconfigured for location on the store shelf, wherein the plurality ofdetection elements are configured to detect placement of products whenthe products are placed above at least part of the plurality ofdetection elements. The system may further comprise at least oneprocessor configured to receive first signals from a first subset ofdetection elements from among the plurality of detection elements afterone or more of a plurality of products are placed on at least one areaassociated with the first subset of detection elements and use the firstsignals to identify at least one pattern associated with a product typeof the plurality of products. The at least one processor may be furtherconfigured to receive second signals from a second subset of detectionelements from among the plurality of detection elements. The secondsignals may be indicative of no products being placed on at least onearea associated with the second subset of detection elements. The atleast one processor may be further configured to use the second signalsto determine at least one empty space on the store shelf; determine,based on the at least one pattern and the at least one empty space, atleast one aspect of planogram compliance; and transmit an indicator ofthe at least one aspect of planogram compliance to a remote server.

The disclosed embodiments describe non-transitory computer readablemedia, systems, and methods for controlling changes to authenticationcredentials. For example, in an exemplary embodiment, there may be anon-transitory computer readable medium including instructions that,when executed by at least one processor, cause the at least oneprocessor to perform operations for controlling changes toauthentication credentials. The operations may comprise accessing adatabase storing a group of product models, each relating to at leastone product in the retail store. The operations may also includereceiving at least one image depicting at least part of at least onestore shelf having a plurality of products of a same type displayedthereon. The operations may also include analyzing the at least oneimage and determining a first candidate type of the plurality ofproducts based on the group of product models and the image analysis.The operations may also include determining a first confidence levelassociated with the determined first candidate type of the plurality ofproducts. When the first confidence level associated with the firstcandidate type is below a confidence threshold, the operations may alsoinclude determining a second candidate type of the plurality of productsusing contextual information. The operations may also includedetermining a second confidence level associated with the determinedsecond candidate type of the plurality of products. When the secondconfidence level associated with the second candidate type is above theconfidence threshold, the operations may also include initiating anaction to update the group of product models stored in the database.

Aspects of the disclosed embodiments may include tangible computerreadable media that store software instructions that, when executed byone or more processors, are configured for and capable of performing andexecuting one or more of the methods, operations, and the likeconsistent with the disclosed embodiments. Also, aspects of thedisclosed embodiments may be performed by one or more processors thatare configured as special-purpose processor(s) based on softwareinstructions that are programmed with logic and instructions thatperform, when executed, one or more operations consistent with thedisclosed embodiments.

The disclosed embodiments describe non-transitory computer readablemedia, systems, and methods for selective usage of product model. Forexample, in an exemplary embodiment, there may be a non-transitorycomputer readable medium including instructions that, when executed byat least one processor, cause the at least one processor to performoperations for controlling changes to authentication credentials. Theoperation may include accessing a database storing a set of productmodels relating to a plurality of products. The operation may alsoinclude receiving at least one image depicting at least one store shelfand at least one product displayed thereon. The operation may furtherinclude selecting a product model subset from among the set of productmodels based on at least one characteristic of the at least one storeshelf and based on analysis of the at least one image. A number ofproduct models included in the product model subset may be less than anumber of product models included in the set of product models. Theoperation may also include determining whether the selected productmodel subset is applicable to the at least one product. When theselected product model subset is determined to be applicable to the atleast one product, the operation may also include analyzing arepresentation of the at least one product depicted in the at least oneimage using the product model subset, and identifying the at least oneproduct based on the analysis of the representation of the at least oneproduct depicted in the at least one image using the product modelsubset. When the selected product model subset is determined to be notapplicable to the at least one product, the operation may includeupdating the selected product model subset to include at least oneadditional product model from the stored set of product models notpreviously included in the selected product model subset to provide anupdated product model subset, analyzing the representation of the atleast one product depicted in the at least one image in comparison tothe updated product model subset, and identifying the at least oneproduct based on the analysis of the representation of the at least oneproduct depicted in the at least one image in comparison to the updatedproduct model subset.

Aspects of the disclosed embodiments may include tangible computerreadable media that store software instructions that, when executed byone or more processors, are configured for and capable of performing andexecuting one or more of the methods, operations, and the likeconsistent with the disclosed embodiments. Also, aspects of thedisclosed embodiments may be performed by one or more processors thatare configured as special-purpose processor(s) based on softwareinstructions that are programmed with logic and instructions thatperform, when executed, one or more operations consistent with thedisclosed embodiments.

In accordance with the present disclosure, there is provided a systemand method for processing images captured in a retail store. The systemmay include at least one processor. The at least one processor may beconfigured to perform the method for processing images captured in aretail store. The method may include receiving an image depicting astore shelf having at least one bottle displayed thereon. The method mayalso include analyzing the image to detect a representation in the imageof the at least one bottle, wherein the bottle has an outline design.Further, the method may include identifying in the image two outlineelements being associated with the outline design of the at least onebottle. Each of the two outline elements may have a specific length. Inaddition, the method may include determining a size of the at least onebottle based on a comparison of the lengths of the two outline elements.In accordance with the present disclosure, there is further provided acomputer program product for processing images captured in a retailstore in a non-transitory computer-readable medium. The non-transitorycomputer-readable medium may be executable by at least one processor.The computer program product may include instructions for causing the atleast one processor to execute the instructions in order to perform themethod for processing images captured in a retail store.

Consistent with disclosed embodiments, a method for processing imagescaptured in a retail store is disclosed. The method may includereceiving at least one image depicting a store shelf having a productdisplayed thereon. The method may also include analyzing the at leastone image to detect the product represented in the at least one image.The method may further include determining that the detected product iseither a first type of product or a second type of product. The firsttype of product and the second type of product may have similar visualappearances. The first type of product and the second type of productmay be associated with different price ranges. A first price rangeassociated with the first type of product may be higher than a secondprice range associated with the second type of product. The method mayinclude analyzing the at least one image to determine a price associatedwith the detected product. Further, the method may include determiningthat the detected product is of the first type of product when thedetermined price falls within the first price range. Additionally, themethod may include determining that the detected product is of thesecond type of product when the determined price falls within the secondprice range. Consistent with disclosed embodiments, a system forprocessing images captured in a retail store and differentiating betweenproducts with similar visual appearances is disclosed. The system mayinclude at least one processor configured to perform the method forprocessing images captured in a retail store. Consistent with disclosedembodiments, a computer program product for processing images capturedin a retail store embodied in a non-transitory computer-readable mediumand executable by at least one processor is disclosed. The computerprogram product may include instructions for causing the at least oneprocessor to execute the method for processing images captured in aretail store.

Consistent with disclosed embodiments, a system for processing imagescaptured in a retail store and automatically identifying misplacedproducts is provided. The system may include at least one processor. Theat least one processor may be configured to receive one or more imagescaptured by one or more image sensors from an environment of a retailstore and depicting a plurality of products displayed on at least onestore shelf. The at least one processor may also be configured to detectin the one or more images a first product, wherein the first product hasan associated first correct display location. The at least one processormay also be configured to determine, based on analysis of the one ormore images, that the first product is not located in the first correctdisplay location. The at least one processor may also be configured todetermine an indicator of a first level of urgency for returning thefirst product to the first correct display location. The at least oneprocessor may also be configured to cause an issuance of auser-notification associated with the first product, wherein theuser-notification is issued within a first period of time from when thefirst product was determined not to be located in the first correctdisplay location. The at least one processor may also be configured todetect in the one or more images a second product, wherein the secondproduct has an associated second correct display location. The at leastone processor may also be configured to determine, based on analysis ofthe one or more images, that the second product is not located in thesecond correct display location. The at least one processor may also beconfigured to determine an indicator of a second level of urgency forreturning the second product to its associated second correct displaylocation. After determining that the second product is not located inthe second correct display location and when the second urgency level islower than the first urgency level, the at least one processor may alsobe configured to withhold issuance of a user-notification associatedwith the second product within a time duration equal to the first periodof time.

Consistent with disclosed embodiments, a method for processing imagescaptured in a retail store and automatically identifying misplacedproducts is provided. The method may include receiving one or moreimages captured by one or more image sensors from an environment of aretail store and depicting a plurality of products displayed on at leastone store shelf. The method may also include detecting in the one ormore images a first product, wherein the first product has an associatedfirst correct display location. The method may also include determining,based on analysis of the one or more images, that the first product isnot located in the first correct display location. The method may alsoinclude determining an indicator of a first level of urgency forreturning the first product to the associated first correct displaylocation. The method may also include causing an issuance of auser-notification associated with the first product, wherein theuser-notification is issued within a first period of time from when thefirst product was determined not to be located in the first correctdisplay location. The method may also include detecting in the one ormore images a second product, wherein the second product has anassociated second correct display location. The method may also includedetermining, based on analysis of the one or more images, that thesecond product is not located in the second correct display location.The method may also include determining an indicator of a second levelof urgency for returning the second product to its associated secondcorrect display location. The method may also include withholdingissuance of a user-notification associated with the second productwithin a time duration equal to the first period of time, afterdetermining that the second product is not located in the second correctdisplay location and when the second urgency level is lower than thefirst urgency level.

Consistent with other disclosed embodiments, a non-transitory computerreadable medium for processing images captured in a retail store isprovided. The computer readable medium including instructions that, whenexecuted by at least one processor, cause the at least one processor toperform operations comprising: receiving one or more images captured byone or more image sensors from an environment of a retail store anddepicting a plurality of products displayed on at least one store shelf;detecting in the one or more images a first product, wherein the firstproduct has an associated first correct display location; determining,based on analysis of the one or more images, that the first product isnot located in the first correct display location; determining anindicator of a first level of urgency for returning the first product tothe associated first correct display location; causing an issuance of auser-notification associated with the first product, wherein theuser-notification is issued within a first period of time from when thefirst product was determined not to be located in the first correctdisplay location; detecting in the one or more images a second product,wherein the second product has an associated second correct displaylocation; determining, based on analysis of the one or more images, thatthe second product is not located in the second correct displaylocation; determining an indicator of a second level of urgency forreturning the second product to its associated second correct displaylocation. After determining that the second product is not located inthe second correct display location and when the second urgency level islower than the first urgency level, the operations may also comprisewithholding issuance of a user-notification associated with the secondproduct within a time duration equal to the first period of time.

The disclosed embodiments describe non-transitory computer readablemedia, systems, and methods for identifying occlusions in retail stores.For example, in an exemplary embodiment, there may be a non-transitorycomputer readable medium including instructions that, when executed byat least one processor, cause the at least one processor to performoperations for controlling changes to authentication credentials. Theoperation may include receiving one or more images captured by one ormore image sensors from an environment of a retail store and depicting aplurality of products displayed on at least one store shelf. Theoperation may also include detecting in the one or more images a firstocclusion event, wherein the first occlusion event is associated with afirst occluding object in the retail store. The operation may furtherinclude analyzing the plurality of images to determine an indicator of afirst level of urgency for resolving the first occlusion event. Theoperation may also include causing issuance of a user-notificationassociated with the first occlusion event, wherein the user-notificationis issued within a first period of time from when the first occlusionevent was detected. The operation may also include detecting in the oneor more images a second occlusion event, wherein the second occlusionevent is associated with a second occluding object in the retail store.Further, the operation may include analyzing the plurality of images todetermine an indicator of a second level of urgency for resolving thesecond occlusion event. When the second urgency level is lower than thefirst urgency level, the operation may further include withhold issuanceof a user-notification associated with the second occlusion event withina time duration equal to the first period of time.

Aspects of the disclosed embodiments may include tangible computerreadable media that store software instructions that, when executed byone or more processors, are configured for and capable of performing andexecuting one or more of the methods, operations, and the likeconsistent with the disclosed embodiments. Also, aspects of thedisclosed embodiments may be performed by one or more processors thatare configured as special-purpose processor(s) based on softwareinstructions that are programmed with logic and instructions thatperform, when executed, one or more operations consistent with thedisclosed embodiments.

Consistent with disclosed embodiments, a system for processing imagescaptured in a retail store may include at least one processor. The atleast one processor may be configured to receive at least one imagedepicting at least part of at least one store shelf having a pluralityof products displayed thereon. The plurality of products may include agroup of first products associated with a first product size and a groupof second products associated with a second product size. The secondproduct size may differ from the first product size. The at least oneprocessor may also be configured to analyze the at least one image todetect the plurality of products. Further, the at least one processormay be configured to identify one or more vacant spaces associated withthe plurality of products on the at eat one store shelf. The at leastone processor may also be configured to determine that at least oneadditional first product may be displayed on the at least one storeshelf next to the group of first products. The determination may bebased on the one or more identified vacant spaces and a determinationthat the group of second products may be rearranged on the at least onestore shelf to at least partially eliminate the one or more vacantspaces. Further, the at least one processor may be configured to provideinformation to a user indicative of the identified vacant spaces. Theinformation may be provided based on the determination that at least oneadditional first product may be displayed on the at least one storeshelf.

Consistent with disclosed embodiments, a system for processing imagescaptured in a retail store may include at least one processor. The atleast one processor may be configured to receive at least one imagedepicting at least part of a shelving unit with a plurality of shelveshaving a plurality of products displayed thereon. The at least oneprocessor may also be configured to analyze the at least one image todetect the plurality of products. Further, the at least one processormay be configured to identify one or more vacant spaces associated withthe shelving unit. The at least one processor may be further configuredto determine, based on the one or more identified vacant spaces, that byrearranging the plurality of products, at least one shelf may be addedto the shelving unit. Further, the at least one processor may beconfigured to provide, based on the determination that at least oneshelf may be added to the shelving unit, information to a userindicative of the identified vacant spaces.

Consistent with disclosed embodiments, a method for processing imagescaptured in a retail store may include receiving at least one imagedepicting at least part of at least one store shelf having a pluralityof products displayed thereon. The plurality of products depicted in theat least one image may include a group of first products associated witha first product size and a group of second products associated with asecond product size. The second product size may differ from the firstproduct size. The method may further include analyzing the at least oneimage to detect the plurality of products. The method may also includeidentifying one or more vacant spaces associated with the plurality ofproducts on the at least one store shelf. Based on the one or moreidentified vacant spaces, the method may include determining that byrearranging the group of second products on the at least one store shelfto at least partially eliminate the one or more identified vacantspaces, at least one additional first product may be displayed on the atleast one store shelf next to the group of first products. The methodmay include additional steps based on the determination that at leastone additional first product may be displayed. The method may includeproviding information to a user indicative of the identified vacantspaces.

Consistent with disclosed embodiments, a computer program product forprocessing images captured in retail stores, embodied in anon-transitory computer-readable medium and executable by at least oneprocessor, may include instructions for causing the at least oneprocessor to execute a method. The method may include receiving at leastone image depicting at least part of at least one store shelf having aplurality of products displayed thereon. The plurality of products mayinclude a group of first products associated with a first product sizeand a group of second products associated with a second product size,the second product size may differ from the first product size. Themethod may further include analyzing the at least one image to detectthe plurality of products. The method may also include identifying oneor more vacant spaces associated with the plurality of products on theat least one store shelf. Further, the method may include determining,based on the one or more identified vacant spaces, that by rearrangingthe group of second products on the at least one store shelf to at leastpartially eliminate the one or more identified vacant spaces, at leastone additional first product may be displayed on the at least one storeshelf next to the group of first products. Additionally, the method mayinclude providing, based on the determination that at least oneadditional first product may be displayed, information to a userindicative of the identified vacant spaces.

In one aspect, a system for processing images captured in a retail storeand automatically addressing detected conditions within the retail storeis disclosed. The system may include at least one processor configuredto receive a plurality of images depicting a plurality of productsdisplayed on a plurality of store shelves. The processor may also beconfigured to detect in the plurality of images an indicator of a firstservice-improvement condition relating to the plurality of products anddetect in the plurality of images an indicator of a secondservice-improvement condition relating to the plurality of products. Theprocessor may be configured to determine a first product-related taskfor addressing the first service-improvement condition and determine asecond product-related task for addressing the secondservice-improvement condition. The processor may also be configured toaccess a database storing information indicative of a first employee anda second employee on duty during a time interval over which theplurality of images was received and assign the first product-relatedtask to the first employee and assign the second product-related task tothe second employee.

In another aspect, a method for processing images captured in a retailstore and for automatically addressing detected conditions within theretail store is disclosed. The method may include receiving a pluralityof images depicting a plurality of products displayed on a plurality ofstore shelves. The method may also include detecting in the plurality ofimages an indicator of a first service-improvement condition relating tothe plurality of products and detecting in the plurality of images anindicator of a second service-improvement condition relating to theplurality of products. The method may further include determining afirst product-related task for addressing the first service-improvementcondition and determining a second product-related task for addressingthe second service-improvement condition. The method may includeaccessing a database storing information indicative of a first employeeand a second employee on duty during a time interval over which theplurality of images was received and assigning the first product-relatedtask to the first employee and assign the second product-related task tothe second employee.

In another aspect, a computer program product for processing imagescaptured in a retail store and for automatically addressing detectedconditions within the retail store is provided. The computer programproduct may be embodied in a non-transitory computer-readable medium andmay be executable by at least one processor. The computer programproduct may include instructions for causing the at least one processorto execute the method described above.

According to an aspect of the present disclosure, a system is disclosedfor identifying products in retail stores based on analysis of imagedata and for automatically generating performance indicators relating tothe identified products. The system may comprise at least one processorconfigured to receive a first set of images depicting a first pluralityof products associated with single product type displayed on a firstshelving unit in a retail store. The at least one processor may receivea first set of images depicting a first plurality of products associatedwith a single product type displayed on a first shelving unit in aretail store and may analyze the first set of images to determine firstproduct turnover data associated with the first shelving unit. The atleast one processor may further receive a second set of images depictinga second plurality of products also associated with the single producttype displayed on a second shelving unit in the retail store nonadjacentto the first shelving unit and may analyze the second set of images todetermine second product turnover data associated with the secondshelving unit. The at least one processor may automatically generate aperformance indicator associated with the product type using the firstproduct turnover data and the second product turnover data

Another aspect of the present disclosure is directed to a method foridentifying products in a retail store based on image analysis ofcaptured images and for automatically generating performance indicatorsrelating to the identified products. The method may include receiving afirst set of images depicting a first plurality of products associatedwith a single product type displayed on a first shelving unit in aretail store and analyzing the first set of images to determine firstproduct turnover data associated with the first shelving unit. Themethod may further include receiving a second set of images depicting asecond plurality of products also associated with the single producttype displayed on a second shelving unit in the retail store nonadjacentto the first shelving unit and analyzing the second set of images todetermine second product turnover data associated with the secondshelving unit. The method may further include automatically generating aperformance indicator associated with the product type using the firstproduct turnover data and the second product turnover data.

Another aspect of the present disclosure is directed to a computerprogram product for identifying products in a retail store based onimage analysis of captured images embodied in a non-transitorycomputer-readable medium and executable by at least one processor, thecomputer program product including instructions for causing the at leastone processor to execute a method as described above.

Consistent with disclosed embodiments, a system for tracking inventoryin a retail store based on analysis of image data is disclosed. Thesystem may include at least one processor configured to receive imagedata from a plurality of image sensors mounted in a retail store and toanalyze the image data to estimate a current inventory of at least oneproduct type in the retail store. The at least one processor is furtherconfigured to receive product supply information associated with the atleast one product type in the retail store and to determine that anonline order from a virtual store made during a first time period willbe fulfilled by an employee of the retail store during a second timeperiod. The at least one processor is also configured to determine,based on the current inventory estimated by analyzing the image data andthe product supply information, a predicted inventory of the at leastone product type during the second time period. The at least oneprocessor is also configured to provide information to the virtual storeregarding the predicted inventory of the at least one product typeduring the second time period such that the virtual store can presentduring the first time period an inventory indicator for the at least oneproduct type.

According to an aspect of the present disclosure, a method is disclosedfor identifying products and monitoring planogram compliance usinganalysis of image data. The method may include accessing at least oneplanogram describing a desired placement of a plurality of product typeson shelves of a plurality of retail stores; receiving image data fromthe plurality of retail stores; analyzing the image data to determine anactual placement of the plurality of product types on the shelves of theplurality of retail stores; determining at least one characteristic ofplanogram compliance based on detected differences between the at leastone planogram and the actual placement of the plurality of product typeson the shelves of the plurality of retail stores; receiving checkoutdata from the plurality of retail stores reflecting sales of at leastone product type from the plurality of product types; estimating, basedon the determined at least one characteristic of planogram complianceand based on the received checkout data, an impact of the at least onecharacteristic of planogram compliance on the sales of the at least oneproduct type; based on the estimated impact, identifying an action,associated with the at least one characteristic of planogram compliance,for potentially increasing future sales of the at least one producttype; and providing information associated with the identified action toan entity.

Another aspect of the present disclosure is directed to a systemidentifying products and monitoring planogram compliance using analysisof image data. The system may comprise at least one processor configuredto access at least one planogram describing a desired placement of aplurality of product types on shelves of a plurality of retail stores;receive image data from the plurality of retail stores; analyze theimage data to determine an actual placement of the plurality of producttypes on the shelves of the plurality of retail stores; determine atleast one characteristic of planogram compliance based on detecteddifferences between the at least one planogram and the actual placementof the plurality of product types on the shelves of the plurality ofretail stores; receive checkout data from the plurality of retail storesreflecting sales of at least one product type from the plurality ofproduct types; estimate, based on the determined at least onecharacteristic of planogram compliance and based on the receivedcheckout data, an impact of the at least one characteristic of planogramcompliance on the sales of the at least one product type; based on theestimated impact, identify an action, associated with the at least onecharacteristic of planogram compliance, for potentially increasingfuture sales of the at least one product type; and provide informationassociated with the identified action to an entity.

Another aspect of the present disclosure is directed to a computerprogram product for identifying products and monitoring planogramcompliance using analysis of image data embodied in a non-transitorycomputer-readable medium and executable by at least one processor, thecomputer program product including instructions for causing the at leastone processor to execute the method described above.

Consistent with other disclosed embodiments, non-transitorycomputer-readable storage media may store program instructions, whichare executed by at least one processing device and perform any of themethods described herein.

The foregoing general description and the following detailed descriptionare exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of theclaims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute apart of this disclosure, illustrate various disclosed embodiments. Inthe drawings:

FIG. 1 is an illustration of an exemplary system for analyzinginformation collected from a retail store;

FIG. 2 is a block diagram that illustrates some of the components of animage processing system, consistent with the present disclosure;

FIG. 3 is a block diagram that illustrates an exemplary embodiment of acapturing device, consistent with the present disclosure;

FIG. 4A is a schematic illustration of an example configuration forcapturing image data in a retail store, consistent with the presentdisclosure;

FIG. 4B is a schematic illustration of another example configuration forcapturing image data in a retail store, consistent with the presentdisclosure;

FIG. 4C is a schematic illustration of another example configuration forcapturing image data in a retail store, consistent with the presentdisclosure;

FIG. 5A is an illustration of an example system for acquiring images ofproducts in a retail store, consistent with the present disclosure.

FIG. 5B is an illustration of a shelf-mounted camera unit included in afirst housing of the example system of FIG. 5A, consistent with thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 5C is an exploded view illustration of a processing unit includedin a second housing of the example system of FIG. 5A, consistent withthe present disclosure.

FIG. 6A is a top view representation of an aisle in a retail store withmultiple image acquisition systems deployed thereon for acquiring imagesof products, consistent with the present disclosure.

FIG. 6B is a perspective view representation of part of a retailshelving unit with multiple image acquisition systems deployed thereonfor acquiring images of products, consistent with the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 6C provides a diagrammatic representation of how the exemplarydisclosed image acquisition systems may be positioned relative to retailshelving to acquire product images, consistent with the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 7A provides a flowchart of an exemplary method for acquiring imagesof products in retail store, consistent with the present disclosure.

FIG. 7B provides a flowchart of a method for acquiring images ofproducts in retail store, consistent with the present disclosure.

FIG. 8A is a schematic illustration of an example configuration fordetecting products and empty spaces on a store shelf, consistent withthe present disclosure;

FIG. 8B is a schematic illustration of another example configuration fordetecting products and empty spaces on a store shelf, consistent withthe present disclosure;

FIG. 9 is a schematic illustration of example configurations fordetection elements on store shelves, consistent with the presentdisclosure;

FIG. 10A illustrates an exemplary method for monitoring planogramcompliance on a store shelf, consistent with the present disclosure;

FIG. 10B is illustrates an exemplary method for triggering imageacquisition based on product events on a store shelf, consistent withthe present disclosure;

FIG. 11A is a schematic illustration of an example output for a marketresearch entity associated with the retail store, consistent with thepresent disclosure;

FIG. 11B is a schematic illustration of an example output for a supplierof the retail store, consistent with the present disclosure;

FIG. 11C is a schematic illustration of an example output for a managerof the retail store, consistent with the present disclosure;

FIG. 11D is a schematic illustration of two examples outputs for anemployee of the retail store, consistent with the present disclosure;

FIG. 11E is a schematic illustration of an example output for an onlinecustomer of the retail store, consistent with the present disclosure;

FIG. 12 is a block diagram that illustrates exemplary components of animage processing system, consistent with the present disclosure;

FIG. 13A is an exemplary image received by the system, consistent withthe present disclosure;

FIG. 13B is another exemplary image received by the system, consistentwith the present disclosure;

FIG. 14 is a flow chart of an exemplary method for processing imagescaptured in a retail store, consistent with the present disclosure.

FIG. 15 depicts an exemplary user interface, consistent with the presentdisclosure;

FIG. 16 depicts an exemplary image that may be used in productidentification analysis, consistent with the present disclosure; and

FIG. 17 is a flow chart of an exemplary method for identifying productsin a retail store, consistent with the present disclosure.

FIG. 18A illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a bottle showingexemplary outline elements, consistent with the present disclosure.

FIG. 18B is a flow chart of an exemplary method of determining size of abottle, consistent with the present disclosure.

FIG. 18C is a flow chart of an exemplary method of determining producttype, consistent with the present disclosure.

FIG. 18D is a flow chart of an exemplary method of confirming size of abottle, consistent with the present disclosure.

FIG. 19 is a flow chart of an exemplary method of identifying products,consistent with the present disclosure.

FIG. 20 is a flow chart of an exemplary method of identifying products,consistent with the present disclosure.

FIG. 21A is an illustration of an exemplary method of using price todetermine if a product is of a first or second type, consistent with thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 21B is an illustration of an exemplary method for determiningwhether a product is of a first or second type based on a comparison ofa determined price with a first a second price range, consistent withthe present disclosure.

FIG. 21C is an illustration of an exemplary method for determiningwhether a product is of a first or second type based on a comparison ofa determined price with a first and a second price range and a first anda second catalog price, consistent with the present disclosure.

FIG. 22A in an illustration of an exemplary method of using apromotional price to determine whether a product is of a first or secondtype, consistent with the present disclosure.

FIG. 22B is an illustration of an exemplary method for responding to adetermination that a determined price does not fall within a first orsecond price range, consistent with the present disclosure.

FIG. 22C is an illustration of an exemplary method for responding to adetermination that a determined price does not fall within a first orsecond price range, consistent with the present disclosure.

FIG. 23 is an illustration of a schematic illustration of a retail shelfcontaining price labels that may be used to determine a price associatedwith a product, consistent with the present disclosure.

FIG. 24 is an exemplary image received by the system, consistent withthe present disclosure;

FIG. 25 is another exemplary image received by the system, consistentwith the present disclosure; and

FIG. 26 is a flow chart of an exemplary method for processing imagescaptured in a retail store and automatically identifying misplacedproducts, consistent with the present disclosure.

FIG. 27 is an exemplary image received by the system, consistent withthe present disclosure;

FIG. 28 is another exemplary image received by the system, consistentwith the present disclosure; and

FIG. 29 is a flow chart of an exemplary method for processing imagescaptured in a retail store and automatically identifying occlusionevents, consistent with the present disclosure.

FIG. 30A is diagrammatic illustration of retail shelf containing aplurality of products.

FIG. 30B is a diagrammatic illustration of a shelving unit containing aplurality of products.

FIG. 30C is a diagrammatic illustration of a shelving unit containing aplurality of products.

FIG. 31A is a flowchart representation of an exemplary method fordetermining that at least one additional product may be displayed on ashelf.

FIG. 31B is a flowchart representation of an exemplary method fordetermining that at least one additional shelf may be added to ashelving unit.

FIG. 32A is a flowchart representation of an exemplary method forrecommending a rearrangement event.

FIG. 32B is a flowchart representation of an exemplary method forrecommending a rearrangement event.

FIG. 32C is a flowchart representation of an exemplary method forrecommending a rearrangement event.

FIG. 33 illustrates an exemplary system for processing images capturedin a retail store and automatically addressing detected conditionswithin the retail store; and

FIG. 34 illustrates an exemplary method for processing images capturedin a retail store and automatically addressing detected conditionswithin the retail store.

FIG. 35 illustrates an exemplary method for processing images capturedin a retail store and automatically addressing detected conditionswithin the retail store.

FIG. 36 is a diagrammatic illustration of an example configuration forthe layout of a retail store, consistent with the disclosed embodiments;

FIG. 37 is a diagrammatic illustration of an example configuration forthe layout of a retail store, consistent with the disclosed embodiments;

FIG. 38 is a diagrammatic illustration of an example configuration ofdifferent displays and shelving units, consistent with the disclosedembodiments;

FIG. 39 is a flow chart illustrating an example of a method formonitoring a display and shelf consistent with the disclosedembodiments;

FIG. 40A is an illustration of a timeline associated with onlineshopping, consistent with the present disclosure.

FIG. 40B is a flowchart of an exemplary method for identifying productsand tracking inventory in a retail store, consistent with the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 41 is a block diagram that illustrates an exemplary embodiment of amemory containing software modules for executing the method depicted inFIG. 40B, consistent with the present disclosure.

FIG. 42A provides a flowchart of an exemplary process for providinginventory information to a virtual store and an example GUI of thevirtual store, consistent with the present disclosure.

FIG. 42B provides a flowchart of an exemplary process for providingquality information to a virtual store and another example GUI of thevirtual store, consistent with the present disclosure.

FIG. 43 is a diagrammatic illustration of an example of comparingplanogram compliance to checkout data consistent with the disclosedembodiments;

FIG. 44 is a diagrammatic illustration of an exemplary system forcomparing planogram compliance, consistent with the disclosedembodiments;

FIG. 45 is a flow chart illustrating an example of a method forcomparing planogram compliance to checkout data consistent with thedisclosed embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following detailed description refers to the accompanying drawings.Wherever possible, the same reference numbers are used in the drawingsand the following description to refer to the same or similar parts.While several illustrative embodiments are described herein,modifications, adaptations and other implementations are possible. Forexample, substitutions, additions, or modifications may be made to thecomponents illustrated in the drawings, and the illustrative methodsdescribed herein may be modified by substituting, reordering, removing,or adding steps to the disclosed methods. Accordingly, the followingdetailed description is not limited to the disclosed embodiments andexamples. Instead, the proper scope is defined by the appended claims.

The present disclosure is directed to systems and methods for processingimages captured in a retail store. As used herein, the term “retailstore” or simply “store” refers to an establishment offering productsfor sale by direct selection by customers physically or virtuallyshopping within the establishment. The retail store may be anestablishment operated by a single retailer (e.g., supermarket) or anestablishment that includes stores operated by multiple retailers (e.g.,a shopping mall). Embodiments of the present disclosure includereceiving an image depicting a store shelf having at least one productdisplayed thereon. As used herein, the term “store shelf” or simply“shelf” refers to any suitable physical structure which may be used fordisplaying products in a retail environment. In one embodiment the storeshelf may be part of a shelving unit including a number of individualstore shelves. In another embodiment, the store shelf may include adisplay unit having a single-level or a multi-level surfaces.

Consistent with the present disclosure, the system may process imagesand image data acquired by a capturing device to determine informationassociated with products displayed in the retail store. The term“capturing device” refers to any device configured to acquire image datarepresentative of products displayed in the retail store. Examples ofcapturing devices may include, a digital camera, a time-of-flightcamera, a stereo camera, an active stereo camera, a depth camera, aLidar system, a laser scanner, CCD based devices, or any other sensorbased system capable of converting received light into electric signals.The term “image data” refers to any form of data generated based onoptical signals in the near-infrared, infrared, visible, and ultravioletspectrums (or any other suitable radiation frequency range). Consistentwith the present disclosure, the image data may include pixel datastreams, digital images, digital video streams, data derived fromcaptured images, and data that may be used to construct a 3D image. Theimage data acquired by a capturing device may be transmitted by wired orwireless transmission to a remote server. In one embodiment, thecapturing device may include a stationary camera with communicationlayers (e.g., a dedicated camera fixed to a store shelf, a securitycamera, etc.). Such an embodiment is described in greater detail belowwith reference to FIG. 4A. In another embodiment, the capturing devicemay include a handheld device (e.g., a smartphone, a tablet, a mobilestation, a personal digital assistant, a laptop, and more) or a wearabledevice (e.g., smart glasses, a smartwatch, a clip-on camera). Such anembodiment is described in greater detail below with reference to FIG.4B. In another embodiment, the capturing device may include a roboticdevice with one or more cameras operated remotely or autonomously (e.g.,an autonomous robotic device, a drone, a robot on a track, and more).Such an embodiment is described in greater detail below with referenceto FIG. 4C.

In some embodiments, the capturing device may include one or more imagesensors. The term “image sensor” refers to a device capable of detectingand converting optical signals in the near-infrared, infrared, visible,and ultraviolet spectrums into electrical signals. The electricalsignals may be used to form image data (e.g., an image or a videostream) based on the detected signal. Examples of image sensors mayinclude semiconductor charge-coupled devices (CCD), active pixel sensorsin complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS), or N-typemetal-oxide-semiconductors (NMOS, Live MOS). In some cases, the imagesensor may be part of a camera included in the capturing device.

Embodiments of the present disclosure further include analyzing imagesto detect and identify different products. As used herein, the term“detecting a product” may broadly refer to determining an existence ofthe product. For example, the system may determine the existence of aplurality of distinct products displayed on a store shelf. By detectingthe plurality of products, the system may acquire different detailsrelative to the plurality of products (e.g., how many products on astore shelf are associated with a same product type), but it does notnecessarily gain knowledge of the type of product. In contrast, the term“identifying a product” may refer to determining a unique identifierassociated with a specific type of product that allows inventorymanagers to uniquely refer to each product type in a product catalogue.Additionally or alternatively, the term “identifying a product” mayrefer to determining a unique identifier associated with a specificbrand of products that allows inventory managers to uniquely refer toproducts, e.g., based on a specific brand in a product catalogue.Additionally or alternatively, the term “identifying a product” mayrefer to determining a unique identifier associated with a specificcategory of products that allows inventory managers to uniquely refer toproducts, e.g., based on a specific category in a product catalogue. Insome embodiments, the identification may be made based at least in parton visual characteristics of the product (e.g., size, shape, logo, text,color, etc.). The unique identifier may include any codes that may beused to search a catalog, such as a series of digits, letters, symbols,or any combinations of digits, letters, and symbols. Consistent with thepresent disclosure, the terms “determining a type of a product” and“determining a product type” may also be used interchangeably in thisdisclosure with reference to the term “identifying a product.”

Embodiments of the present disclosure further include determining atleast one characteristic of the product for determining the type of theproduct. As used herein, the term “characteristic of the product” refersto one or more visually discernable features attributed to the product.Consistent with the present disclosure, the characteristic of theproduct may assist in classifying and identifying the product. Forexample, the characteristic of the product may be associated with theornamental design of the product, the size of the product, the shape ofthe product, the colors of the product, the brand of the product, a logoor text associated with the product (e.g., on a product label), andmore. In addition, embodiments of the present disclosure further includedetermining a confidence level associated with the determined type ofthe product. The term “confidence level” refers to any indication,numeric or otherwise, of a level (e.g., within a predetermined range)indicative of an amount of confidence the system has that the determinedtype of the product is the actual type of the product. For example, theconfidence level may have a value between 1 and 10, alternatively, theconfidence level may be expressed as a percentage.

In some cases, the system may compare the confidence level to athreshold. The term “threshold” as used herein denotes a referencevalue, a level, a point, or a range of values, for which, when theconfidence level is above it (or below it depending on a particular usecase), the system may follow a first course of action and, when theconfidence level is below it (or above it depending on a particular usecase), the system may follow a second course of action. The value of thethreshold may be predetermined for each type of product or may bedynamically selected based on different considerations. In oneembodiment, when the confidence level associated with a certain productis below a threshold, the system may obtain contextual information toincrease the confidence level. As used herein, the term “contextualinformation” (or “context”) refers to any information having a direct orindirect relationship with a product displayed on a store shelf. In someembodiments, the system may retrieve different types of contextualinformation from captured image data and/or from other data sources. Insome cases, contextual information may include recognized types ofproducts adjacent to the product under examination. In other cases,contextual information may include text appearing on the product,especially where that text may be recognized (e.g., via OCR) andassociated with a particular meaning. Other examples of types ofcontextual information may include logos appearing on the product, alocation of the product in the retail store, a brand name of theproduct, a price of the product, product information collected frommultiple retail stores, product information retrieved from a catalogassociated with a retail store, etc.

Reference is now made to FIG. 1, which shows an example of a system 100for analyzing information collected from retail stores 105 (for example,retail store 105A, retail store 105B, and retail store 105C). In oneembodiment, system 100 may represent a computer-based system that mayinclude computer system components, desktop computers, workstations,tablets, handheld computing devices, memory devices, and/or internalnetwork(s) connecting the components. System 100 may include or beconnected to various network computing resources (e.g., servers,routers, switches, network connections, storage devices, etc.) necessaryto support the services provided by system 100. In one embodiment,system 100 may enable identification of products in retail stores 105based on analysis of captured images. In another embodiment, system 100may enable a supply of information based on analysis of captured imagesto a market research entity 110 and to different suppliers 115 of theidentified products in retail stores 105 (for example, supplier 115A,supplier 115B, and supplier 115C). In another embodiment, system 100 maycommunicate with a user 120 (sometimes referred to herein as a customer,but which may include individuals associated with a retail environmentother than customers, such as store employee, data collection agent,etc.) about different products in retail stores 105. In one example,system 100 may receive images of products captured by user 120. Inanother example, system 100 may provide to user 120 informationdetermined based on automatic machine analysis of images captured by oneor more capturing devices 125 associated with retail stores 105.

System 100 may also include an image processing unit 130 to execute theanalysis of images captured by the one or more capturing devices 125.Image processing unit 130 may include a server 135 operatively connectedto a database 140. Image processing unit 130 may include one or moreservers connected by a communication network, a cloud platform, and soforth. Consistent with the present disclosure, image processing unit 130may receive raw or processed data from capturing device 125 viarespective communication links, and provide information to differentsystem components using a network 150. Specifically, image processingunit 130 may use any suitable image analysis technique including, forexample, object recognition, object detection, image segmentation,feature extraction, optical character recognition (OCR), object-basedimage analysis, shape region techniques, edge detection techniques,pixel-based detection, artificial neural networks, convolutional neuralnetworks, etc. In addition, image processing unit 130 may useclassification algorithms to distinguish between the different productsin the retail store. In some embodiments, image processing unit 130 mayutilize suitably trained machine learning algorithms and models toperform the product identification. Network 150 may facilitatecommunications and data exchange between different system componentswhen these components are coupled to network 150 to enable output ofdata derived from the images captured by the one or more capturingdevices 125. In some examples, the types of outputs that imageprocessing unit 130 can generate may include identification of products,indicators of product quantity, indicators of planogram compliance,indicators of service-improvement events (e.g., a cleaning event, arestocking event, a rearrangement event, etc.), and various reportsindicative of the performances of retail stores 105. Additional examplesof the different outputs enabled by image processing unit 130 aredescribed below with reference to FIGS. 11A-11E and throughout thedisclosure.

Consistent with the present disclosure, network 150 may be any type ofnetwork (including infrastructure) that provides communications,exchanges information, and/or facilitates the exchange of informationbetween the components of system 100. For example, network 150 mayinclude or be part of the Internet, a Local Area Network, wirelessnetwork (e.g., a Wi-Fi/302.11 network), or other suitable connections.In other embodiments, one or more components of system 100 maycommunicate directly through dedicated communication links, such as, forexample, a telephone network, an extranet, an intranet, the Internet,satellite communications, off-line communications, wirelesscommunications, transponder communications, a local area network (LAN),a wide area network (WAN), a virtual private network (VPN), and soforth.

In one example configuration, server 135 may be a cloud server thatprocesses images received directly (or indirectly) from one or morecapturing device 125 and processes the images to detect and/or identifyat least some of the plurality of products in the image based on visualcharacteristics of the plurality of products. The term “cloud server”refers to a computer platform that provides services via a network, suchas the Internet. In this example configuration, server 135 may usevirtual machines that may not correspond to individual hardware. Forexample, computational and/or storage capabilities may be implemented byallocating appropriate portions of desirable computation/storage powerfrom a scalable repository, such as a data center or a distributedcomputing environment. In one example, server 135 may implement themethods described herein using customized hard-wired logic, one or moreApplication Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs) or Field ProgrammableGate Arrays (FPGAs), firmware, and/or program logic which, incombination with the computer system, cause server 135 to be aspecial-purpose machine.

In another example configuration, server 135 may be part of a systemassociated with a retail store that communicates with capturing device125 using a wireless local area network (WLAN) and may provide similarfunctionality as a cloud server. In this example configuration, server135 may communicate with an associated cloud server (not shown) andcloud database (not shown). The communications between the store serverand the cloud server may be used in a quality enforcement process, forupgrading the recognition engine and the software from time to time, forextracting information from the store level to other data users, and soforth. Consistent with another embodiment, the communications betweenthe store server and the cloud server may be discontinuous (purposely orunintentional) and the store server may be configured to operateindependently from the cloud server. For example, the store server maybe configured to generate a record indicative of changes in productplacement that occurred when there was a limited connection (or noconnection) between the store server and the cloud server, and toforward the record to the cloud server once connection is reestablished.

As depicted in FIG. 1, server 135 may be coupled to one or more physicalor virtual storage devices such as database 140. Server 135 may accessdatabase 140 to detect and/or identify products. The detection may occurthrough analysis of features in the image using an algorithm and storeddata. The identification may occur through analysis of product featuresin the image according to stored product models. Consistent with thepresent embodiment, the term “product model” refers to any type ofalgorithm or stored product data that a processor may access or executeto enable the identification of a particular product associated with theproduct model. For example, the product model may include a descriptionof visual and contextual properties of the particular product (e.g., theshape, the size, the colors, the texture, the brand name, the price, thelogo, text appearing on the particular product, the shelf associatedwith the particular product, adjacent products in a planogram, thelocation within the retail store, etc.). In some embodiments, a singleproduct model may be used by server 135 to identify more than one typeof products, such as, when two or more product models are used incombination to enable identification of a product. For example, in somecases, a first product model may be used by server 135 to identify aproduct category (such models may apply to multiple product types, e.g.,shampoo, soft drinks, etc.) and a second product model may be used byserver 135 to identify the product type, product identity, or othercharacteristics associated with a product. In some cases, such productmodels may be applied together (e.g., in series, in parallel, in acascade fashion, in a decision tree fashion, etc.) to reach a productidentification. In other embodiments, a single product model may be usedby server 135 to identify a particular product type (e.g., 6-pack of 16oz Coca-Cola Zero).

Database 140 may be included on a volatile or non-volatile, magnetic,semiconductor, tape, optical, removable, non-removable, or other type ofstorage device or tangible or non-transitory computer-readable medium.Database 140 may also be part of server 135 or separate from server 135.When database 140 is not part of server 135, server 135 may exchangedata with database 140 via a communication link. Database 140 mayinclude one or more memory devices that store data and instructions usedto perform one or more features of the disclosed embodiments. In oneembodiment, database 140 may include any suitable databases, rangingfrom small databases hosted on a work station to large databasesdistributed among data centers. Database 140 may also include anycombination of one or more databases controlled by memory controllerdevices (e.g., server(s), etc.) or software. For example, database 140may include document management systems, Microsoft SQL databases,SharePoint databases, Oracle™ databases, Sybase™ databases, otherrelational databases, or non-relational databases, such as mongo andothers.

Consistent with the present disclosure, image processing unit 130 maycommunicate with output devices 145 to present information derived basedon processing of image data acquired by capturing devices 125. The term“output device” is intended to include all possible types of devicescapable of outputting information from server 135 to users or othercomputer systems (e.g., a display screen, a speaker, a desktop computer,a laptop computer, mobile device, tablet, a PDA, etc.), such as 145A,145B, 145C and 145D. In one embodiment each of the different systemcomponents (i.e., retail stores 105, market research entity 110,suppliers 115, and users 120) may be associated with an output device145, and each system component may be configured to present differentinformation on the output device 145. In one example, server 135 mayanalyze acquired images including representations of shelf spaces. Basedon this analysis, server 135 may compare shelf spaces associated withdifferent products, and output device 145A may present market researchentity 110 with information about the shelf spaces associated withdifferent products. The shelf spaces may also be compared with salesdata, expired products data, and more. Consistent with the presentdisclosure, market research entity 110 may be a part of (or may workwith) supplier 115. In another example, server 135 may determine productcompliance to a predetermined planogram, and output device 145B maypresent to supplier 115 information about the level of productcompliance at one or more retail stores 105 (for example in a specificretail store 105, in a group of retail stores 105 associated withsupplier 115, in all retail stores 105, and so forth). The predeterminedplanogram may be associated with contractual obligations and/or otherpreferences related to the retailer methodology for placement ofproducts on the store shelves. In another example, server 135 maydetermine that a specific store shelf has a type of fault in the productplacement, and output device 145C may present to a manager of retailstore 105 a user-notification that may include information about acorrect display location of a misplaced product, information about astore shelf associated with the misplaced product, information about atype of the misplaced product, and/or a visual depiction of themisplaced product. In another example, server 135 may identify whichproducts are available on the shelf and output device 145D may presentto user 120 an updated list of products.

The components and arrangements shown in FIG. 1 are not intended tolimit the disclosed embodiments, as the system components used toimplement the disclosed processes and features may vary. In oneembodiment, system 100 may include multiple servers 135, and each server135 may host a certain type of service. For example, a first server mayprocess images received from capturing devices 125 to identify at leastsome of the plurality of products in the image, and a second server maydetermine from the identified products in retail stores 105 compliancewith contractual obligations between retail stores 105 and suppliers115. In another embodiment, system 100 may include multiple servers 135,a first type of servers 135 that may process information from specificcapturing devices 125 (e.g., handheld devices of data collection agents)or from specific retail stores 105 (e.g., a server dedicated to aspecific retail store 105 may be placed in or near the store). System100 may further include a second type of servers 135 that collect andprocess information from the first type of servers 135.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram representative of an example configuration ofserver 135. In one embodiment, server 135 may include a bus 200 (or anyother communication mechanism) that interconnects subsystems andcomponents for transferring information within server 135. For example,bus 200 may interconnect a processing device 202, a memory interface204, a network interface 206, and a peripherals interface 208 connectedto an I/O system 210.

Processing device 202, shown in FIG. 2, may include at least oneprocessor configured to execute computer programs, applications,methods, processes, or other software to execute particular instructionsassociated with embodiments described in the present disclosure. Theterm “processing device” refers to any physical device having anelectric circuit that performs a logic operation. For example,processing device 202 may include one or more processors, integratedcircuits, microchips, microcontrollers, microprocessors, all or part ofa central processing unit (CPU), graphics processing unit (GPU), digitalsignal processor (DSP), field programmable gate array (FPGA), or othercircuits suitable for executing instructions or performing logicoperations. Processing device 202 may include at least one processorconfigured to perform functions of the disclosed methods such as amicroprocessor manufactured by Intel™, Nvidia™, manufactured by AMD™,and so forth. Processing device 202 may include a single core ormultiple core processors executing parallel processes simultaneously. Inone example, processing device 202 may be a single core processorconfigured with virtual processing technologies. Processing device 202may implement virtual machine technologies or other technologies toprovide the ability to execute, control, run, manipulate, store, etc.,multiple software processes, applications, programs, etc. In anotherexample, processing device 202 may include a multiple-core processorarrangement (e.g., dual, quad core, etc.) configured to provide parallelprocessing functionalities to allow a device associated with processingdevice 202 to execute multiple processes simultaneously. It isappreciated that other types of processor arrangements could beimplemented to provide the capabilities disclosed herein.

Consistent with the present disclosure, the methods and processesdisclosed herein may be performed by server 135 as a result ofprocessing device 202 executing one or more sequences of one or moreinstructions contained in a non-transitory computer-readable storagemedium. As used herein, a non-transitory computer-readable storagemedium refers to any type of physical memory on which information ordata readable by at least one processor can be stored. Examples includerandom access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), volatile memory,nonvolatile memory, hard drives, CD ROMs, DVDs, flash drives, disks, anyother optical data storage medium, any physical medium with patterns ofholes, a RAM, a PROM, an EPROM, a FLASH-EPROM or any other flash memory,NVRAM, a cache, a register, any other memory chip or cartridge, andnetworked versions of the same. The terms “memory” and“computer-readable storage medium” may refer to multiple structures,such as a plurality of memories or computer-readable storage mediumslocated within server 135, or at a remote location. Additionally, one ormore computer-readable storage mediums can be utilized in implementing acomputer-implemented method. The term “computer-readable storage medium”should be understood to include tangible items and exclude carrier wavesand transient signals.

According to one embodiment, server 135 may include network interface206 (which may also be any communications interface) coupled to bus 200.Network interface 206 may provide one-way or two-way data communicationto a local network, such as network 150. Network interface 206 mayinclude an integrated services digital network (ISDN) card, cable modem,satellite modem, or a modem to provide a data communication connectionto a corresponding type of telephone line. As another example, networkinterface 206 may include a local area network (LAN) card to provide adata communication connection to a compatible LAN. In anotherembodiment, network interface 206 may include an Ethernet port connectedto radio frequency receivers and transmitters and/or optical (e.g.,infrared) receivers and transmitters. The specific design andimplementation of network interface 206 depends on the communicationsnetwork(s) over which server 135 is intended to operate. As describedabove, server 135 may be a cloud server or a local server associatedwith retail store 105. In any such implementation, network interface 206may be configured to send and receive electrical, electromagnetic, oroptical signals, through wires or wirelessly, that may carry analog ordigital data streams representing various types of information. Inanother example, the implementation of network interface 206 may besimilar or identical to the implementation described below for networkinterface 306.

Server 135 may also include peripherals interface 208 coupled to bus200. Peripherals interface 208 may be connected to sensors, devices, andsubsystems to facilitate multiple functionalities. In one embodiment,peripherals interface 208 may be connected to I/O system 210 configuredto receive signals or input from devices and provide signals or outputto one or more devices that allow data to be received and/or transmittedby server 135. In one embodiment I/O system 210 may include or beassociated with output device 145. For example, I/O system 210 mayinclude a touch screen controller 212, an audio controller 214, and/orother input controller(s) 216. Touch screen controller 212 may becoupled to a touch screen 218. Touch screen 218 and touch screencontroller 212 can, for example, detect contact, movement, or breakthereof using any of a plurality of touch sensitivity technologies,including but not limited to capacitive, resistive, infrared, andsurface acoustic wave technologies as well as other proximity sensorarrays or other elements for determining one or more points of contactwith touch screen 218. Touch screen 218 may also, for example, be usedto implement virtual or soft buttons and/or a keyboard. In addition toor instead of touch screen 218, I/O system 210 may include a displayscreen (e.g., CRT, LCD, etc.), virtual reality device, augmented realitydevice, and so forth. Specifically, touch screen controller 212 (ordisplay screen controller) and touch screen 218 (or any of thealternatives mentioned above) may facilitate visual output from server135. Audio controller 214 may be coupled to a microphone 220 and aspeaker 222 to facilitate voice-enabled functions, such as voicerecognition, voice replication, digital recording, and telephonyfunctions. Specifically, audio controller 214 and speaker 222 mayfacilitate audio output from server 135. The other input controller(s)216 may be coupled to other input/control devices 224, such as one ormore buttons, keyboards, rocker switches, thumb-wheel, infrared port,USB port, image sensors, motion sensors, depth sensors, and/or a pointerdevice such as a computer mouse or a stylus.

In some embodiments, processing device 202 may use memory interface 204to access data and a software product stored on a memory device 226.Memory device 226 may include operating system programs for server 135that perform operating system functions when executed by the processingdevice. By way of example, the operating system programs may includeMicrosoft Windows™, Unix™ Linux™, Apple™ operating systems, personaldigital assistant (PDA) type operating systems such as Apple iOS, GoogleAndroid, Blackberry OS, or other types of operating systems.

Memory device 226 may also store communication instructions 228 tofacilitate communicating with one or more additional devices (e.g.,capturing device 125), one or more computers (e.g., output devices145A-145D) and/or one or more servers. Memory device 226 may includegraphical user interface instructions 230 to facilitate graphic userinterface processing; image processing instructions 232 to facilitateimage data processing-related processes and functions; sensor processinginstructions 234 to facilitate sensor-related processing and functions;web browsing instructions 236 to facilitate web browsing-relatedprocesses and functions; and other software instructions 238 tofacilitate other processes and functions. Each of the above identifiedinstructions and applications may correspond to a set of instructionsfor performing one or more functions described above. These instructionsneed not be implemented as separate software programs, procedures, ormodules. Memory device 226 may include additional instructions or fewerinstructions. Furthermore, various functions of server 135 may beimplemented in hardware and/or in software, including in one or moresignal processing and/or application specific integrated circuits. Forexample, server 135 may execute an image processing algorithm toidentify in received images one or more products and/or obstacles, suchas shopping carts, people, and more.

In one embodiment, memory device 226 may store database 140. Database140 may include product type model data 240 (e.g., an imagerepresentation, a list of features, a model obtained by training machinelearning algorithm using training examples, an artificial neuralnetwork, and more) that may be used to identify products in receivedimages; contract-related data 242 (e.g., planograms, promotions data,etc.) that may be used to determine if the placement of products on thestore shelves and/or the promotion execution are consistent withobligations of retail store 105; catalog data 244 (e.g., retail storechain's catalog, retail store's master file, etc.) that may be used tocheck if all product types that should be offered in retail store 105are in fact in the store, if the correct price is displayed next to anidentified product, etc.; inventory data 246 that may be used todetermine if additional products should be ordered from suppliers 115;employee data 248 (e.g., attendance data, records of training provided,evaluation and other performance-related communications, productivityinformation, etc.) that may be used to assign specific employees tocertain tasks; and calendar data 250 (e.g., holidays, national days,international events, etc.) that may be used to determine if a possiblechange in a product model is associated with a certain event. In otherembodiments of the disclosure, database 140 may store additional typesof data or fewer types of data. Furthermore, various types of data maybe stored in one or more memory devices other than memory device 226.

The components and arrangements shown in FIG. 2 are not intended tolimit the disclosed embodiments. As will be appreciated by a personskilled in the art having the benefit of this disclosure, numerousvariations and/or modifications may be made to the depictedconfiguration of server 135. For example, not all components may beessential for the operation of server 135 in all cases. Any componentmay be located in any appropriate part of server 135, and the componentsmay be rearranged into a variety of configurations while providing thefunctionality of the disclosed embodiments. For example, some serversmay not include some of the elements shown in I/O system 215.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram representation of an example configuration ofcapturing device 125. In one embodiment, capturing device 125 mayinclude a processing device 302, a memory interface 304, a networkinterface 306, and a peripherals interface 308 connected to image sensor310. These components can be separated or can be integrated in one ormore integrated circuits. The various components in capturing device 125can be coupled by one or more communication buses or signal lines (e.g.,bus 300). Different aspects of the functionalities of the variouscomponents in capturing device 125 may be understood from thedescription above regarding components of server 135 having similarfunctionality.

According to one embodiment, network interface 306 may be used tofacilitate communication with server 135. Network interface 306 may bean Ethernet port connected to radio frequency receivers and transmittersand/or optical receivers and transmitters. The specific design andimplementation of network interface 306 depends on the communicationsnetwork(s) over which capturing device 125 is intended to operate. Forexample, in some embodiments, capturing device 125 may include a networkinterface 306 designed to operate over a GSM network, a GPRS network, anEDGE network, a Wi-Fi or WiMax network, a Bluetooth® network, etc. Inanother example, the implementation of network interface 306 may besimilar or identical to the implementation described above for networkinterface 206.

In the example illustrated in FIG. 3, peripherals interface 308 ofcapturing device 125 may be connected to at least one image sensor 310associated with at least one lens 312 for capturing image data in anassociated field of view. In some configurations, capturing device 125may include a plurality of image sensors associated with a plurality oflenses 312. In other configurations, image sensor 310 may be part of acamera included in capturing device 125. According to some embodiments,peripherals interface 308 may also be connected to other sensors (notshown), such as a motion sensor, a light sensor, infrared sensor, soundsensor, a proximity sensor, a temperature sensor, a biometric sensor, orother sensing devices to facilitate related functionalities. Inaddition, a positioning sensor may also be integrated with, or connectedto, capturing device 125. For example, such positioning sensor may beimplemented using one of the following technologies: Global PositioningSystem (GPS), GLObal NAvigation Satellite System (GLONASS), Galileoglobal navigation system, BeiDou navigation system, other GlobalNavigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), Indian Regional NavigationSatellite System (IRNSS), Local Positioning Systems (LPS), Real-TimeLocation Systems (RTLS), Indoor Positioning System (IPS), Wi-Fi basedpositioning systems, cellular triangulation, and so forth. For example,the positioning sensor be built into mobile capturing device 125, suchas smartphone devices. In another example, position software may allowmobile capturing devices to use an internal or external positioningsensors (e.g., connecting via a serial port or Bluetooth).

Consistent with the present disclosure, capturing device 125 may includedigital components that collect data from image sensor 310, transform itinto an image, and store the image on a memory device 314 and/ortransmit the image using network interface 306. In one embodiment,capturing device 125 may be fixedly mountable to a store shelf or toother objects in the retail store (such as walls, ceilings, floors,refrigerators, checkout stations, displays, dispensers, rods which maybe connected to other objects in the retail store, and so forth). In oneembodiment, capturing device 125 may be split into at least two housingssuch that only image sensor 310 and lens 312 may be visible on the storeshelf, and the rest of the digital components may be located in aseparate housing. An example of this type of capturing device isdescribed below with reference to FIGS. 5-7.

Consistent with the present disclosure, capturing device 125 may usememory interface 304 to access memory device 314. Memory device 314 mayinclude high-speed, random access memory and/or non-volatile memory suchas one or more magnetic disk storage devices, one or more opticalstorage devices, and/or flash memory (e.g., NAND, NOR) to store capturedimage data. Memory device 314 may store operating system instructions316, such as DARWIN, RTXC, LINUX, iOS, UNIX, LINUX, OS X, WINDOWS, or anembedded operating system such as VXWorkS. Operating system 316 caninclude instructions for handling basic system services and forperforming hardware dependent tasks. In some implementations, operatingsystem 316 may include a kernel (e.g., UNIX kernel, LINUX kernel, etc.).In addition, memory device 314 may store capturing instructions 318 tofacilitate processes and functions related to image sensor 310;graphical user interface instructions 320 that enables a user associatedwith capturing device 125 to control the capturing device and/or toacquire images of an area-of-interest in a retail establishment; andapplication instructions 322 to facilitate a process for monitoringcompliance of product placement or other processes.

The components and arrangements shown in FIG. 3 are not intended tolimit the disclosed embodiments. As will be appreciated by a personskilled in the art having the benefit of this disclosure, numerousvariations and/or modifications may be made to the depictedconfiguration of capturing device 125. For example, not all componentsare essential for the operation of capturing device 125 in all cases.Any component may be located in any appropriate part of capturing device125, and the components may be rearranged into a variety ofconfigurations while providing the functionality of the disclosedembodiments. For example, some capturing devices may not have lenses,and other capturing devices may include an external memory deviceinstead of memory device 314.

FIGS. 4A-4C illustrate example configurations for capturing image datain retail store 105 according to disclosed embodiments. FIG. 4Aillustrates how an aisle 400 of retail store 105 may be imaged using aplurality of capturing devices 125 fixedly connected to store shelves.FIG. 4B illustrates how aisle 400 of retail store 105 may be imagedusing a handheld communication device. FIG. 4C illustrates how aisle 400of retail store 105 may be imaged by robotic devices equipped withcameras.

With reference to FIG. 4A and consistent with the present disclosure,retail store 105 may include a plurality of capturing devices 125fixedly mounted (for example, to store shelves, walls, ceilings, floors,refrigerators, checkout stations, displays, dispensers, rods which maybe connected to other objects in the retail store, and so forth) andconfigured to collect image data. As depicted, one side of an aisle 400may include a plurality of capturing devices 125 (e.g., 125A, 125B, and125C) fixedly mounted thereon and directed such that they may captureimages of an opposing side of aisle 400. The plurality of capturingdevices 125 may be connected to an associated mobile power source (e.g.,one or more batteries), to an external power supply (e.g., a powergrid), obtain electrical power from a wireless power transmissionsystem, and so forth. As depicted in FIG. 4A, the plurality of capturingdevices 125 may be placed at different heights and at least theirvertical fields of view may be adjustable. Generally, both sides ofaisle 400 may include capturing devices 125 in order to cover both sidesof aisle 400.

Differing numbers of capturing devices 125 may be used to cover shelvingunit 402. In addition, there may be an overlap region in the horizontalfield of views of some of capturing devices 125. For example, thehorizontal fields of view of capturing devices (e.g., adjacent capturingdevices) may at least partially overlap with one another. In anotherexample, one capturing device may have a lower field of view than thefield of view of a second capturing device, and the two capturingdevices may have at least partially overlapping fields of view.According to one embodiment, each capturing device 125 may be equippedwith network interface 306 for communicating with server 135. In oneembodiment, the plurality of capturing devices 125 in retail store 105may be connected to server 135 via a single WLAN. Network interface 306may transmit information associated with a plurality of images capturedby the plurality of capturing devices 125 for analysis purposes. In oneexample, server 135 may determine an existence of an occlusion event(such as, by a person, by store equipment, such as a ladder, cart, etc.)and may provide a notification to resolve the occlusion event. Inanother example, server 135 may determine if a disparity exists betweenat least one contractual obligation and product placement as determinedbased on automatic analysis of the plurality of images. The transmittedinformation may include raw images, cropped images, processed imagedata, data about products identified in the images, and so forth.Network interface 306 may also transmit information identifying thelocation of the plurality capturing devices 125 in retail store 105.

With reference to FIG. 4B and consistent with the present disclosure,server 135 may receive image data captured by users 120. In a firstembodiment, server 135 may receive image data acquired by storeemployees. In one implementation, a handheld device of a store employee(e.g., capturing device 125D) may display a real-time video streamcaptured by the image sensor of the handheld device. The real-time videostream may be augmented with markings identifying to the store employeean area-of-interest that needs manual capturing of images. One of thesituations in which manual image capture may be desirable may occurwhere the area-of-interest is outside the fields of view of a pluralityof cameras fixedly connected to store shelves in aisle 400. In othersituations, manual capturing of images of an area-of-interest may bedesirable when a current set of acquired images is out of date (e.g.,obsolete in at least one respect) or of poor quality (e.g., lackingfocus, obstacles, lesser resolution, lack of light, etc.). Additionaldetails of this embodiment are described in Applicant's InternationalPatent Application No. PCT/IB2018/001107, which is incorporated hereinby reference.

In a second embodiment, server 135 may receive image data acquired bycrowd sourcing. In one exemplary implementation, server 135 may providea request to a detected mobile device for an updated image of thearea-of-interest in aisle 400. The request may include an incentive(e.g., $2 discount) to user 120 for acquiring the image. In response tothe request, user 120 may acquire and transmit an up-to-date image ofthe area-of-interest. After receiving the image from user 120, server135 may transmit the accepted incentive or agreed upon reward to user120. The incentive may comprise a text notification and a redeemablecoupon. In some embodiments, the incentive may include a redeemablecoupon for a product associated with the area-of-interest. Server 135may generate image-related data based on aggregation of data from imagesreceived from crowd sourcing and from images received from a pluralityof cameras fixedly connected to store shelves. Additional details ofthis embodiment are described in Applicant's International PatentApplication No. PCT/IB2017/000919, which is incorporated herein byreference.

With reference to FIG. 4C and consistent with the present disclosure,server 135 may receive image data captured by robotic devices withcameras traversing in aisle 400. The present disclosure is not limitedto the type of robotic devices used to capture images of retail store105. In some embodiments, the robotic devices may include a robot on atrack (e.g., a Cartesian robot configured to move along an edge of ashelf or in parallel to a shelf, such as capturing device 125E), a drone(e.g., capturing device 125F), and/or a robot that may move on the floorof the retail store (e.g., a wheeled robot such as capturing device125G, a legged robot, a snake-like robot, etc.). The robotic devices maybe controlled by server 135 and may be operated remotely orautonomously. In one example, server 135 may instruct capturing device125E to perform periodic scans at times when no customers or otherobstructions are identified in aisle 400. Specifically, capturing device125E may be configured to move along store shelf 404 and to captureimages of products placed on store shelf 404, products placed on storeshelf 406, or products located on shelves opposite store shelf (e.g.,store shelf 408). In another example, server 135 may instruct capturingdevice 125F to perform a scan of all the area of retail store 105 beforethe opening hour. In another example, server 135 may instruct capturingdevice 125G to capture a specific area-of-interest, similar as describedabove with reference to receiving images acquired by the storeemployees. In some embodiments, robotic capturing devices (such as 125Fand 125G) may include an internal processing unit that may allow them tonavigate autonomously within retail store 105. For example, the roboticcapturing devices may use input from sensors (e.g., image sensors, depthsensors, proximity sensors, etc.), to avoid collision with objects orpeople, and to complete the scan of the desired area of retail store105.

As discussed above with reference to FIG. 4A, the image datarepresentative of products displayed on store shelves may be acquired bya plurality of stationary capturing devices 125 fixedly mounted in theretail store. One advantage of having stationary image capturing devicesspread throughout retail store 105 is the potential for acquiringproduct images from set locations and on an ongoing basis such thatup-to-date product status may be determined for products throughout aretail store at any desired periodicity (e.g., in contrast to a movingcamera system that may acquire product images more infrequently).However, there may be certain challenges in this approach. The distancesand angles of the image capturing devices relative to the capturedproducts should be selected such as to enable adequate productidentification, especially when considered in view of image sensorresolution and/or optics specifications. For example, a capturing deviceplaced on the ceiling of retail store 105 may have sufficientresolutions and optics to enable identification of large products (e.g.,a pack of toilet paper), but may be insufficient for identifying smallerproducts (e.g., deodorant packages). The image capturing devices shouldnot occupy shelf space that is reserved for products for sale. The imagecapturing devices should not be positioned in places where there is alikelihood that their fields of view will be regularly blocked bydifferent objects. The image capturing devices should be able tofunction for long periods of time with minimum maintenance. For example,a requirement for frequent replacement of batteries may render certainimage acquisition systems cumbersome to use, especially where many imageacquisition devices are in use throughout multiple locations in a retailstore and across multiple retail stores. The image capturing devicesshould also include processing capabilities and transmissioncapabilities for providing real time or near real time image data aboutproducts. The disclosed image acquisition systems address thesechallenges.

FIG. 5A illustrates an example of a system 500 for acquiring images ofproducts in retail store 105. Throughout the disclosure, capturingdevice 125 may refer to a system, such as system 500 shown in FIG. 5A.As shown, system 500 may include a first housing 502 configured forlocation on a retail shelving unit (e.g., as illustrated in FIG. 5B),and a second housing 504 configured for location on the retail shelvingunit separate from first housing 502. The first and the second housingmay be configured for mounting on the retail shelving unit in anysuitable way (e.g., screws, bolts, clamps, adhesives, magnets,mechanical means, chemical means, etc.). In some embodiments, firsthousing 502 may include an image capture device 506 (e.g., a cameramodule that may include image sensor 310) and second housing 504 mayinclude at least one processor (e.g., processing device 302) configuredto control image capture device 506 and also to control a networkinterface (e.g., network interface 306) for communicating with a remoteserver (e.g., server 135).

System 500 may also include a data conduit 508 extending between firsthousing 502 and second housing 504. Data conduit 508 may be configuredto enable transfer of control signals from the at least one processor toimage capture device 506 and to enable collection of image data acquiredby image capture device 506 for transmission by the network interface.Consistent with the present disclosure, the term “data conduit” mayrefer to a communications channel that may include either a physicaltransmission medium such as a wire or a logical connection over amultiplexed medium such as a radio channel In some embodiments, dataconduit 508 may be used for conveying image data from image capturedevice 506 to at least one processor located in second housing 504.Consistent with one implementation of system 500, data conduit 508 mayinclude flexible printed circuits and may have a length of at leastabout 5 cm, at least about 10 cm, at least about 15 cm, etc. The lengthof data conduit 508 may be adjustable to enable placement of firsthousing 502 separately from second housing 504. For example, in someembodiments, data conduit may be retractable within second housing 504such that the length of data conduit exposed between first housing 502and second housing 504 may be selectively adjusted.

In one embodiment, the length of data conduit 508 may enable firsthousing 502 to be mounted on a first side of a horizontal store shelffacing the aisle (e.g., store shelf 510 illustrated in FIG. 5B) andsecond housing 504 to be mounted on a second side of store shelf 510that faces the direction of the ground (e.g., an underside of a storeshelf). In this embodiment, data conduit 508 may be configured to bendaround an edge of store shelf 510 or otherwise adhere/follow contours ofthe shelving unit. For example, a first portion of data conduit 508 maybe configured for location on the first side of store shelf 510 (e.g., aside facing an opposing retail shelving unit across an aisle) and asecond portion of data conduit 508 may be configured for location on asecond side of store shelf 510 (e.g., an underside of the shelf, whichin some cases may be orthogonal to the first side). The second portionof data conduit 508 may be longer than the first portion of data conduit508. Consistent with another embodiment, data conduit 508 may beconfigured for location within an envelope of a store shelf. Forexample, the envelope may include the outer boundaries of a channellocated within a store shelf, a region on an underside of an L-shapedstore shelf, a region between two store shelves, etc. Consistent withanother implementation of system 500 discussed below, data conduit 508may include a virtual conduit associated with a wireless communicationslink between first housing 502 and second housing 504.

FIG. 5B illustrates an exemplary configuration for mounting firsthousing 502 on store shelf 510. Consistent with the present disclosure,first housing 502 may be placed on store shelf 510, next to or embeddedin a plastic cover that may be used for displaying prices.Alternatively, first housing 502 may be placed or mounted on any otherlocation in retail store 105. For example, first housing 502 may beplaced or mounted on the walls, on the ceiling, on refrigerator units,on display units, and more. The location and/or orientation of firsthousing 502 may be selected such that a field of view of image capturedevice 506 may cover at least a portion of an opposing retail shelvingunit. Consistent with the present disclosure, image capture device 506may have a view angle of between 50 and 80 degrees, about 62 degrees,about 67 degrees, or about 75 degrees. Consistent with the presentdisclosure, image capture device 506 may include an image sensor havingsufficient image resolution to enable detection of text associated withlabels on an opposing retail shelving unit. In one embodiment, the imagesensor may include m*n pixels. For example, image capture device 506 mayhave an 8 MP image sensor that includes an array of 3280*2464 pixels.Each pixel may include at least one photo-voltaic cell that converts thephotons of the incident light to an electric signal. The electricalsignal may be converted to digital data by an A/D converter andprocessed by the image processor (ISP). In one embodiment, the imagesensor of image capture device 506 may be associated with a pixel sizeof between 1.1×1.1 um² and 1.7×1.7 um², for example, 1.4×1.4 um².

Consistent with the present disclosure, image capture device 506 may beassociated with a lens (e.g., lens 312) having a fixed focal lengthselected according to a distance expected to be encountered betweenretail shelving units on opposite sides of an aisle (e.g., distance d1shown in FIG. 6A) and/or according to a distance expected to beencountered between a side of a shelving unit facing the aisle on oneside of an aisle and a side of a shelving unit facing away of the aisleon the other side of the aisle (e.g., distance d2 shown in FIG. 6A). Thefocal length may also be based on any other expected distance betweenthe image acquisition device and products to be imaged. As used herein,the term “focal length” refers to the distance from the optical centerof the lens to a point where objects located at the point aresubstantially brought into focus. In contrast to zoom lenses, in fixedlenses the focus is not adjustable. The focus is typically set at thetime of lens design and remains fixed. In one embodiment, the focallength of lens 312 may be selected based on the distance between twosides of aisles in the retail store (e.g., distance d1, distance d2, andso forth). In some embodiments, image capture device 506 may include alens with a fixed focal length having a fixed value between 2.5 mm and4.5 mm, such as about 3.1 mm, about 3.4 mm, about 3.7 mm. For example,when distance d1 between two opposing retail shelving units is about 2meters, the focal length of the lens may be about 3.6 mm. Unlessindicated otherwise, the term “about” with regards to a numeric value isdefined as a variance of up to 5% with respect to the stated value. Ofcourse, image capture devices having non-fixed focal lengths may also beused depending on the requirements of certain imaging environments, thepower and space resources available, etc.

FIG. 5C illustrates an exploded view of second housing 504. In someembodiments, the network interface located in second housing 504 (e.g.,network interface 306) may be configured to transmit to server 135information associated with a plurality of images captured by imagecapture device 506. For example, the transmitted information may be usedto determine if a disparity exists between at least one contractualobligation (e.g. planogram) and product placement. In one example, thenetwork interface may support transmission speeds of 0.5 Mb/s, 1 Mb/s, 5Mb/s, or more. Consistent with the present disclosure, the networkinterface may allow different modes of operations to be selected, suchas: high-speed, slope-control, or standby. In high-speed mode,associated output drivers may have fast output rise and fall times tosupport high-speed bus rates; in slope-control, the electromagneticinterference may be reduced and the slope (i.e., the change of voltageper unit of time) may be proportional to the current output; and instandby mode, the transmitter may be switched off and the receiver mayoperate at a lower current.

Consistent with the present disclosure, second housing 504 may include apower port 512 for conveying energy from a power source to first housing502. In one embodiment, second housing 504 may include a section for atleast one mobile power source 514 (e.g., in the depicted configurationthe section is configured to house four batteries). The at least onemobile power source may provide sufficient power to enable image capturedevice 506 to acquire more than 1,000 pictures, more than 5,000pictures, more than 10,000 pictures, or more than 15,000 pictures, andto transmit them to server 135. In one embodiment, mobile power source514 located in a single second housing 504 may power two or more imagecapture devices 506 mounted on the store shelf. For example, as depictedin FIGS. 6A and 6B, a single second housing 504 may be connected to aplurality of first housings 502 with a plurality of image capturedevices 506 covering different (overlapping or non-overlapping) fieldsof view. Accordingly, the two or more image capture devices 506 may bepowered by a single mobile power source 514 and/or the data captured bytwo or more image capture devices 506 may be processed to generate apanoramic image by a single processing device located in second housing504. In addition to mobile power source 514 or as an alternative tomobile power source 514, second housing 504 may also be connected to anexternal power source. For example, second housing 504 may be mounted toa store shelf and connected to an electric power grid. In this example,power port 512 may be connected to the store shelf through a wire forproviding electrical power to image capture device 506. In anotherexample, a retail shelving unit or retail store 105 may include awireless power transmission system, and power port 512 may be connectedto a device configured to obtain electrical power from the wirelesspower transmission system. In addition, as discussed below, system 500may use power management policies to reduce the power consumption. Forexample, system 500 may use selective image capturing and/or selectivetransmission of images to reduce the power consumption or conservepower.

FIG. 6A illustrates a schematic diagram of a top view of aisle 600 inretail store 105 with multiple image acquisition systems 500 (e.g.,500A, 500B, 500C, 500D, and 500E) deployed thereon for acquiring imagesof products. Aisle 600 may include a first retail shelving unit 602 anda second retail shelving unit 604 that opposes first retail shelvingunit 602. In some embodiments, different numbers of systems 500 may bemounted on opposing retail shelving units. For example, system 500A(including first housing 502A, second housing 504A, and data conduit508A), system 500B (including first housing 502B second housing 504B,and data conduit 508B), and system 500C (including first housing 502C,second housing 504C, and data conduit 508C) may be mounted on firstretail shelving unit 602; and system 500D (including first housing502D1, first housing 502D2, second housing 504D, and data conduits 508D1and 508D2) and system 500E (including first housing 502E1, first housing502E2, second housing 504E, and data conduits 508E1 and 508E2) may bemounted on second retail shelving unit 604. Consistent with the presentdisclosure, image capture device 506 may be configured relative to firsthousing 502 such that an optical axis of image capture device 506 isdirected toward an opposing retail shelving unit when first housing 502is fixedly mounted on a retail shelving unit. For example, optical axis606 of the image capture device associated with first housing 502B maybe directed towards second retail shelving unit 604 when first housing502B is fixedly mounted on first retail shelving unit 602. A singleretail shelving unit may hold a number of systems 500 that include aplurality of image capturing devices. Each of the image capturingdevices may be associated with a different field of view directed towardthe opposing retail shelving unit. Different vantage points ofdifferently located image capture devices may enable image acquisitionrelative to different sections of a retail shelf. For example, at leastsome of the plurality of image capturing devices may be fixedly mountedon shelves at different heights. Examples of such a deployment areillustrated in FIGS. 4A and 6B.

As shown in FIG. 6A each first housing 502 may be associated with a dataconduit 508 that enables exchanging of information (e.g., image data,control signals, etc.) between the at least one processor located insecond housing 504 and image capture device 506 located in first housing502. In some embodiments, data conduit 508 may include a wiredconnection that supports data-transfer and may be used to power imagecapture device 506 (e.g., data conduit 508A, data conduit 508B, dataconduit 508D1, data conduit 508D2, data conduit 508E1, and data conduit508E2). Consistent with these embodiments, data conduit 508 may complywith a wired standard such as USB, Micro-USB, HDMI, Micro-HDMI,Firewire, Apple, etc. In other embodiments, data conduit 508 may be awireless connection, such as a dedicated communications channel betweenthe at least one processor located in second housing 504 and imagecapture device 506 located in first housing 502 (e.g., data conduit508C). In one example, the communications channel may be established bytwo Near Field Communication (NFC) transceivers. In other examples,first housing 502 and second housing 504 may include interface circuitsthat comply with other short-range wireless standards such as Bluetooth,WiFi, ZigBee, etc.

In some embodiments of the disclosure, the at least one processor ofsystem 500 may cause at least one image capture device 506 toperiodically capture images of products located on an opposing retailshelving unit (e.g., images of products located on a shelf across anaisle from the shelf on which first housing 502 is mounted). The term“periodically capturing images” includes capturing an image or images atpredetermined time intervals (e.g., every minute, every 30 minutes,every 150 minutes, every 300 minutes, etc.), capturing video, capturingan image every time a status request is received, and/or capturing animage subsequent to receiving input from an additional sensor, forexample, an associated proximity sensor. Images may also be capturedbased on various other triggers or in response to various other detectedevents. In some embodiments, system 500 may receive an output signalfrom at least one sensor located on an opposing retail shelving unit.For example, system 500B may receive output signals from a sensingsystem located on second retail shelving unit 604. The output signalsmay be indicative of a sensed lifting of a product from second retailshelving unit 604 or a sensed positioning of a product on second retailshelving unit 604. In response to receiving the output signal from theat least one sensor located on second retail shelving unit 604, system500B may cause image capture device 506 to capture one or more images ofsecond retail shelving unit 604. Additional details on a sensing system,including the at least one sensor that generates output signalsindicative of a sensed lifting of a product from an opposing retailshelving unit, is discussed below with reference to FIGS. 8-10.

Consistent with embodiments of the disclosure, system 500 may detect anobject 608 in a selected area between first retail shelving unit 602 andsecond retail shelving unit 604. Such detection may be based on theoutput of one or more dedicated sensors (e.g., motion detectors, etc.)and/or may be based on image analysis of one or more images acquired byan image acquisition device. Such images, for example, may include arepresentation of a person or other object recognizable through variousimage analysis techniques (e.g., trained neural networks, Fouriertransform analysis, edge detection, filters, face recognition, etc.).The selected area may be associated with distance d1 between firstretail shelving unit 602 and second retail shelving unit 604. Theselected area may be within the field of view of image capture device506 or an area where the object causes an occlusion of a region ofinterest (such as a shelf, a portion of a shelf being monitored, andmore). Upon detecting object 608, system 500 may cause image capturedevice 506 to forgo image acquisition while object 608 is within theselected area. In one example, object 608 may be an individual, such asa customer or a store employee. In another example, detected object 608may be an inanimate object, such as a cart, box, carton, one or moreproducts, cleaning robots, etc. In the example illustrated in FIG. 6A,system 500A may detect that object 608 has entered into its associatedfield of view (e.g., using a proximity sensor) and may instruct imagecapturing device 506 to forgo image acquisition. In alternativeembodiments, system 500 may analyze a plurality of images acquired byimage capture device 506 and identify at least one of the plurality ofimages that includes a representation of object 608. Thereafter, system500 may avoid transmission of at least part of the at least oneidentified image and/or information based on the at least one identifiedimage to server 135.

As shown in FIG. 6A, the at least one processor contained in a secondhousing 504 may control a plurality of image capture devices 506contained in a plurality of first housings 502 (e.g., systems 500D and500E). Controlling image capturing device 506 may include instructingimage capturing device 506 to capture an image and/or transmit capturedimages to a remote server (e.g., server 135). In some cases, each of theplurality of image capture devices 506 may have a field of view that atleast partially overlaps with a field of view of at least one otherimage capture device 506 from among plurality of image capture devices506. In one embodiment, the plurality of image capture devices 506 maybe configured for location on one or more horizontal shelves and may bedirected to substantially different areas of the opposing first retailshelving unit. In this embodiment, the at least one processor maycontrol the plurality of image capture devices such that each of theplurality of image capture devices may capture an image at a differenttime. For example, system 500E may have a second housing 504E with atleast one processor that may instruct a first image capturing devicecontained in first housing 502E1 to capture an image at a first time andmay instruct a second image capturing device contained in first housing502E2 to capture an image at a second time which differs from the firsttime. Capturing images in different times (or forwarding them to the atleast one processor at different times) may assist in processing theimages and writing the images in the memory associated with the at leastone processor.

FIG. 6B illustrates a perspective view assembly diagram depicting aportion of a retail shelving unit 620 with multiple systems 500 (e.g.,500F, 500G, 500H, 500I, and 500J) deployed thereon for acquiring imagesof products. Retail shelving unit 620 may include horizontal shelves atdifferent heights. For example, horizontal shelves 622A, 622B, and 622Care located below horizontal shelves 622D, 622E, and 622F. In someembodiments, a different number of systems 500 may be mounted on shelvesat different heights. For example, system 500F (including first housing502F and second housing 504F), system 500G (including first housing 502Gand second housing 504G), and system 500H (including first housing 502Hand second housing 504H) may be mounted on horizontal shelves associatedwith a first height; and system 500I (including first housing 502I,second housing 504I, and a projector 632) and system 500J (includingfirst housing 502J1, first housing 502J2, and second housing 504J) maybe mounted on horizontal shelves associated with a second height. Insome embodiments, retail shelving unit 620 may include a horizontalshelf with at least one designated place (not shown) for mounting ahousing of image capturing device 506. The at least one designated placemay be associated with connectors such that first housing 502 may befixedly mounted on a side of horizontal shelf 622 facing an opposingretail shelving unit using the connectors.

Consistent with the present disclosure, system 500 may be mounted on aretail shelving unit that includes at least two adjacent horizontalshelves (e.g., shelves 622A and 622B) forming a substantially continuoussurface for product placement. The store shelves may include standardstore shelves or customized store shelves. A length of each store shelf622 may be at least 50 cm, less than 200 cm, or between 75 cm to 175 cm.In one embodiment, first housing 502 may be fixedly mounted on theretail shelving unit in a slit between two adjacent horizontal shelves.For example, first housing 502G may be fixedly mounted on retailshelving unit 620 in a slit between horizontal shelf 622B and horizontalshelf 622C. In another embodiment, first housing 502 may be fixedlymounted on a first shelf and second housing 504 may be fixedly mountedon a second shelf. For example, first housing 502I may be mounted onhorizontal shelf 622D and second housing 504I may be mounted onhorizontal shelf 622E. In another embodiment, first housing 502 may befixedly mounted on a retail shelving unit on a first side of ahorizontal shelf facing the opposing retail shelving unit and secondhousing 504 may be fixedly mounted on retail shelving unit 620 on asecond side of the horizontal shelf orthogonal to the first side. Forexample, first housing 502H may mounted on a first side 624 ofhorizontal shelf 622C next to a label and second housing 504H may bemounted on a second side 626 of horizontal shelf 622C that faces down(e.g., towards the ground or towards a lower shelf). In anotherembodiment, second housing 504 may be mounted closer to the back of thehorizontal shelf than to the front of the horizontal shelf. For example,second housing 504H may be fixedly mounted on horizontal shelf 622C onsecond side 626 closer to third side 628 of the horizontal shelf 622Cthan to first side 624. Third side 628 may be parallel to first side624. As mentioned above, data conduit 508 (e.g., data conduit 508H) mayhave an adjustable or selectable length for extending between firsthousing 502 and second housing 504. In one embodiment, when firsthousing 502H is fixedly mounted on first side 624, the length of dataconduit 508H may enable second housing 604H to be fixedly mounted onsecond side 626 closer to third side 628 than to first side 624.

As mentioned above, at least one processor contained in a single secondhousing 504 may control a plurality of image capture devices 506contained in a plurality of first housings 502 (e.g., system 500J). Insome embodiments, the plurality of image capture devices 506 may beconfigured for location on a single horizontal shelf and may be directedto substantially the same area of the opposing first retail shelvingunit (e.g., system 500D in FIG. 6A). In these embodiments, the imagedata acquired by the first image capture device and the second imagecapture device may enable a calculation of depth information (e.g.,based on image parallax information) associated with at least oneproduct positioned on an opposing retail shelving unit. For example,system 500J may have single second housing 504J with at least oneprocessor that may control a first image capturing device contained infirst housing 502J1 and a second image capturing device contained infirst housing 502J2. The distance d3 between the first image capturedevice contained in first housing 502J1 and the second image capturedevice contained in first housing 502J2 may be selected based on thedistance between retail shelving unit 620 and the opposing retailshelving unit (e.g., similar to d1 and/or d2). For example, distance d3may be at least 5 cm, at least 10 cm, at least 15 cm, less than 40 cm,less than 30 cm, between about 5 cm to about 20 cm, or between about 10cm to about 15 cm. In another example, d3 may be a function of d1 and/ord2, a linear function of d1 and/or d2, a function of d1*log(d1) and/ord2*log(d2) such as a1*d1*log(d1) for some constant a1, and so forth. Thedata from the first image capturing device contained in first housing502J1 and the second image capturing device contained in first housing502J2 may be used to estimate the number of products on a store shelf ofretail shelving unit 602. In related embodiments, system 500 may controla projector (e.g., projector 632) and image capture device 506 that areconfigured for location on a single store shelf or on two separate storeshelves. For example, projector 632 may be mounted on horizontal shelf622E and image capture device 5061 may be mounted on horizontal shelf622D. The image data acquired by image capture device 506 (e.g.,included in first housing 502I) may include reflections of lightpatterns projected from projector 632 on the at least one product and/orthe opposing retail shelving unit and may enable a calculation of depthinformation associated with at least one product positioned on theopposing retail shelving unit. The distance between projector 632 andthe image capture device contained in first housing 502I may be selectedbased on the distance between retail shelving unit 620 and the opposingretail shelving unit (e.g., similar to d1 and/or d2). For example, thedistance between the projector and the image capture device may be atleast 5 cm, at least 10 cm, at least 15 cm, less than 40 cm, less than30 cm, between about 5 cm to about 20 cm, or between about 10 cm toabout 15 cm. In another example, the distance between the projector andthe image capture device may be a function of d1 and/or d2, a linearfunction of d1 and/or d2, a function of d1*log(d1) and/or d2*log(d2)such as a1*d1*log(d1) for some constant a1, and so forth.

Consistent with the present disclosure, a central communication device630 may be located in retail store 105 and may be configured tocommunicate with server 135 (e.g., via an Internet connection). Thecentral communication device may also communicate with a plurality ofsystems 500 (for example, less than ten, ten, eleven, twelve, more thantwelve, and so forth). In some cases, at least one of the plurality ofsystems 500 may be located in proximity to central communication device630. In the illustrated example, system 500F may be located in proximityto central communication device 630. In some embodiments, at least someof systems 500 may communicate directly with at least one other system500. The communications between some of the plurality of systems 500 mayhappen via a wired connection, such as the communications between system500J and system 500I and the communications between system 500H andsystem 500G. Additionally or alternatively, the communications betweensome of the plurality of systems 500 may occur via a wirelessconnection, such as the communications between system 500G and system500F and the communications between system 500I and system 500F. In someexamples, at least one system 500 may be configured to transmit capturedimage data (or information derived from the captured image data) tocentral communication device 630 via at least two mediating systems 500,at least three mediating systems 500, at least four mediating systems500, or more. For example, system 500J may convey captured image data tocentral communication device 630 via system 500I and system 500F.

Consistent with the present disclosure, two (or more) systems 500 mayshare information to improve image acquisition. For example, system 500Jmay be configured to receive from a neighboring system 500I informationassociated with an event that system 500I had identified, and controlimage capture device 506 based on the received information. For example,system 500J may forgo image acquisition based on an indication fromsystem 500I that an object has entered or is about to enter its field ofview. Systems 500I and 500J may have overlapping fields of view ornon-overlapping fields of view. In addition, system 500J may alsoreceive (from system 500I) information that originates from centralcommunication device 630 and control image capture device 506 based onthe received information. For example, system 500I may receiveinstructions from central communication device 630 to capture an imagewhen suppler 115 inquiries about a specific product that is placed in aretail unit opposing system 500I. In some embodiments, a plurality ofsystems 500 may communicate with central communication device 630. Inorder to reduce or avoid network congestion, each system 500 mayidentify an available transmission time slot. Thereafter, each system500 may determine a default time slot for future transmissions based onthe identified transmission time slot.

FIG. 6C provides a diagrammatic representation of a retail shelving unit640 being captured by multiple systems 500 (e.g., system 500K and system500L) deployed on an opposing retail shelving unit (not shown). FIG. 6Cillustrates embodiments associated with the process of installingsystems 500 in retail store 105. To facilitate the installation ofsystem 500, each first housing 502 (e.g., first housing 502K) mayinclude an adjustment mechanism 642 for setting a field of view 644 ofimage capture device 506K such that the field of view 644 will at leastpartially encompass products placed both on a bottom shelf of retailshelving unit 640 and on a top shelf of retail shelving unit 640. Forexample, adjustment mechanism 642 may enable setting the position ofimage capture device 506K relative to first housing 502K. Adjustmentmechanism 642 may have at least two degrees of freedom to separatelyadjust manually (or automatically) the vertical field of view and thehorizontal field of view of image capture device 506K. In oneembodiment, the angle of image capture device 506K may be measured usingposition sensors associated with adjustment mechanism 642, and themeasured orientation may be used to determine if image capture device506K is positioned in the right direction. In one example, the output ofthe position sensors may be displayed on a handheld device of anemployee installing image capturing device 506K. Such an arrangement mayprovide the employee/installer with real time visual feedbackrepresentative of the field of view of an image acquisition device beinginstalled.

In addition to adjustment mechanism 642, first housing 502 may include afirst physical adapter (not shown) configured to operate with multipletypes of image capture device 506 and a second physical adapter (notshown) configured to operate with multiple types of lenses. Duringinstallation, the first physical adapter may be used to connect asuitable image capture device 506 to system 500 according to the levelof recognition requested (e.g., detecting a barcode from products,detecting text and price from labels, detecting different categories ofproducts, etc.). Similarly, during installation, the second physicaladapter may be used to associate a suitable lens to image capture device506 according to the physical conditions at the store (e.g., thedistance between the aisles, the horizontal field of view required fromimage capture device 506, and/or the vertical field of view requiredfrom image capture device 506). The second physical adapter provides theemployee/installer the ability to select the focal length of lens 312during installation according to the distance between retail shelvingunits on opposite sides of an aisle (e.g., distance d1 and/or distanced2 shown in FIG. 6A). In some embodiments, adjustment mechanism 642 mayinclude a locking mechanism to reduce the likelihood of unintentionalchanges in the field of view of image capture device 506. Additionallyor alternatively, the at least one processor contained in second housing504 may detect changes in the field of view of image capture device 506and issue a warning when a change is detected, when a change larger thana selected threshold is detected, when a change is detected for aduration longer than a selected threshold, and so forth.

In addition to adjustment mechanism 642 and the different physicaladapters, system 500 may modify the image data acquired by image capturedevice 506 based on at least one attribute associated with opposingretail shelving unit 640. Consistent with the present disclosure, the atleast one attribute associated with retail shelving unit 640 may includea lighting condition, the dimensions of opposing retail shelving unit640, the size of products displayed on opposing retail shelving unit640, the type of labels used on opposing retail shelving unit 640, andmore. In some embodiments, the attribute may be determined, based onanalysis of one or more acquired images, by at least one processorcontained in second housing 504. Alternatively, the attribute may beautomatically sensed and conveyed to the at least one processorcontained in second housing 504. In one example, the at least oneprocessor may change the brightness of captured images based on thedetected light conditions. In another example, the at least oneprocessor may modify the image data by cropping the image such that itwill include only the products on retail shelving unit (e.g., not toinclude the floor or the ceiling), only area of the shelving unitrelevant to a selected task (such as planogram compliance check), and soforth.

Consistent with the present disclosure, during installation, system 500may enable real-time display 646 of field of view 644 on a handhelddevice 648 of a user 650 installing image capturing device 506K. In oneembodiment, real-time display 646 of field of view 644 may includeaugmented markings 652 indicating a location of a field of view 654 ofan adjacent image capture device 506L. In another embodiment, real-timedisplay 646 of field of view 644 may include augmented markings 656indicating a region of interest in opposing retail shelving unit 640.The region of interest may be determined based on a planogram,identified product type, and/or part of retail shelving unit 640. Forexample, the region of interest may include products with a greaterlikelihood of planogram incompliance. In addition, system 500K mayanalyze acquired images to determine if field of view 644 includes thearea that image capturing device 506K is supposed to monitor (forexample, from labels on opposing retail shelving unit 640, products onopposing retail shelving unit 640, images captured from other imagecapturing devices that may capture other parts of opposing retailshelving unit 640 or capture the same part of opposing retail shelvingunit 640 but in a lower resolution or at a lower frequency, and soforth). In additional embodiments, system 500 may further comprise anindoor location sensor which may help determine if the system 500 ispositioned at the right location in retail store 105.

In some embodiments, an anti-theft device may be located in at least oneof first housing 502 and second housing 504. For example, the anti-theftdevice may include a specific RF label or a pin-tag radio-frequencyidentification device, which may be the same or similar to a type ofanti-theft device that is used by retail store 105 in which system 500is located. The RF label or the pin-tag may be incorporated within thebody of first housing 502 and second housing 504 and may not be visible.In another example, the anti-theft device may include a motion sensorwhose output may be used to trigger an alarm in the case of motion ordisturbance, in case of motion that is above a selected threshold, andso forth.

FIG. 7A includes a flowchart representing an exemplary method 700 foracquiring images of products in retail store 105 in accordance withexample embodiments of the present disclosure. For purposes ofillustration, in the following description, reference is made to certaincomponents of system 500 as deployed in the configuration depicted inFIG. 6A. It will be appreciated, however, that other implementations arepossible and that other configurations may be utilized to implement theexemplary method. It will also be readily appreciated that theillustrated method can be altered to modify the order of steps, deletesteps, or further include additional steps.

At step 702, the method includes fixedly mounting on first retailshelving unit 602 at least one first housing 502 containing at least oneimage capture device 506 such that an optical axis (e.g., optical axis606) of at least one image capture device 506 is directed to secondretail shelving unit 604. In one embodiment, fixedly mounting firsthousing 502 on first retail shelving unit 602 may include placing firsthousing 502 on a side of store shelf 622 facing second retail shelvingunit 604. In another embodiment, fixedly mounting first housing 502 onretail shelving unit 602 may include placing first housing 502 in a slitbetween two adjacent horizontal shelves. In some embodiments, the methodmay further include fixedly mounting on first retail shelving unit 602at least one projector (such as projector 632) such that light patternsprojected by the at least one projector are directed to second retailshelving unit 604. In one embodiment, the method may include mountingthe at least one projector to first retail shelving unit 602 at aselected distance to first housing 502 with image capture device 506. Inone embodiment, the selected distance may be at least 5 cm, at least 10cm, at least 15 cm, less than 40 cm, less than 30 cm, between about 5 cmto about 20 cm, or between about 10 cm to about 15 cm. In oneembodiment, the selected distance may be calculated according to adistance between to first retail shelving unit 602 and second retailshelving unit 604, such as d1 and/or d2, for example selecting thedistance to be a function of d1 and/or d2, a linear function of d1and/or d2, a function of d1*log(d1) and/or d2*log(d2) such asa1*d1*log(d1) for some constant a1, and so forth.

At step 704, the method includes fixedly mounting on first retailshelving unit 602 second housing 504 at a location spaced apart from theat least one first housing 502, second housing 504 may include at leastone processor (e.g., processing device 302). In one embodiment, fixedlymounting second housing 504 on the retail shelving unit may includeplacing second housing 504 on a different side of store shelf 622 thanthe side first housing 502 is mounted on.

At step 706, the method includes extending at least one data conduit 508between at least one first housing 502 and second housing 504. In oneembodiment, extending at least one data conduit 508 between at least onefirst housing 502 and second housing 504 may include adjusting thelength of data conduit 508 to enable first housing 502 to be mountedseparately from second housing 504. At step 708, the method includescapturing images of second retail shelving unit 604 using at least oneimage capture device 506 contained in at least one first housing 502(e.g., first housing 502A, first housing 502B, or first housing 502C).In one embodiment, the method further includes periodically capturingimages of products located on second retail shelving unit 604. Inanother embodiment the method includes capturing images of second retailshelving unit 604 after receiving a trigger from at least one additionalsensor in communication with system 500 (wireless or wired).

At step 710, the method includes transmitting at least some of thecaptured images from second housing 504 to a remote server (e.g., server135) configured to determine planogram compliance relative to secondretail shelving unit 604. In some embodiments, determining planogramcompliance relative to second retail shelving unit 604 may includedetermining at least one characteristic of planogram compliance based ondetected differences between the at least one planogram and the actualplacement of the plurality of product types on second retail shelvingunit 604. Consistent with the present disclosure, the characteristic ofplanogram compliance may include at least one of: product facing,product placement, planogram compatibility, price correlation, promotionexecution, product homogeneity, restocking rate, and planogramcompliance of adjacent products.

FIG. 7B provides a flowchart representing an exemplary method 720 foracquiring images of products in retail store 105, in accordance withexample embodiments of the present disclosure. For purposes ofillustration, in the following description, reference is made to certaincomponents of system 500 as deployed in the configuration depicted inFIG. 6A. It will be appreciated, however, that other implementations arepossible and that other configurations may be utilized to implement theexemplary method. It will also be readily appreciated that theillustrated method can be altered to modify the order of steps, deletesteps, or further include additional steps.

At step 722, at least one processor contained in a second housing mayreceive from at least one image capture device contained in at least onefirst housing fixedly mounted on a retail shelving unit a plurality ofimages of an opposing retail shelving unit. For example, at least oneprocessor contained in second housing 504A may receive from at least oneimage capture device 506 contained in first housing 502A (fixedlymounted on first retail shelving unit 602) a plurality of images ofsecond retail shelving unit 604. The plurality of images may be capturedand collected during a period of time (e.g., a minute, an hour, sixhours, a day, a week, or more).

At step 724, the at least one processor contained in the second housingmay analyze the plurality of images acquired by the at least one imagecapture device. In one embodiment, at least one processor contained insecond housing 504A may use any suitable image analysis technique (forexample, object recognition, object detection, image segmentation,feature extraction, optical character recognition (OCR), object-basedimage analysis, shape region techniques, edge detection techniques,pixel-based detection, artificial neural networks, convolutional neuralnetworks, etc.) to identify objects in the plurality of images. In oneexample, the at least one processor contained in second housing 504A maydetermine the number of products located in second retail shelving unit604. In another example, the at least one processor contained in secondhousing 504A may detect one or more objects in an area between firstretail shelving unit 602 and second retail shelving unit 604.

At step 726, the at least one processor contained in the second housingmay identify in the plurality of images a first image that includes arepresentation of at least a portion of an object located in an areabetween the retail shelving unit and the opposing retail shelving unit.In step 728, the at least one processor contained in the second housingmay identify in the plurality of images a second image that does notinclude any object located in an area between the retail shelving unitand the opposing retail shelving unit. In one example, the object in thefirst image may be an individual, such as a customer or a storeemployee. In another example, the object in the first image may be aninanimate object, such as carts, boxes, products, etc.

At step 730, the at least one processor contained in the second housingmay instruct a network interface contained in the second housing,fixedly mounted on the retail shelving unit separate from the at leastone first housing, to transmit the second image to a remote server andto avoid transmission of the first image to the remote server. Inaddition, the at least one processor may issue a notification when anobject blocks the field of view of the image capturing device for morethan a predefined period of time (e.g., at least 30 minutes, at least 75minutes, at least 150 minutes).

Embodiments of the present disclosure may automatically assesscompliance of one or more store shelves with a planogram. For example,embodiments of the present disclosure may use signals from one or moresensors to determine placement of one or more products on store shelves.The disclosed embodiments may also use one or more sensors to determineempty spaces on the store shelves. The placements and empty spaces maybe automatically assessed against a digitally encoded planogram. Aplanogram refers to any data structure or specification that defines atleast one product characteristic relative to a display structureassociated with a retail environment (such as store shelf or area of oneor more shelves). Such product characteristics may include, among otherthings, quantities of products with respect to areas of the shelves,product configurations or product shapes with respect to areas of theshelves, product arrangements with respect to areas of the shelves,product density with respect to areas of the shelves, productcombinations with respect to areas of the shelves, etc. Althoughdescribed with reference to store shelves, embodiments of the presentdisclosure may also be applied to end caps or other displays; bins,shelves, or other organizers associated with a refrigerator or freezerunits; or any other display structure associated with a retailenvironment.

The embodiments disclosed herein may use any sensors configured todetect one or more parameters associated with products (or a lackthereof). For example, embodiments may use one or more of pressuresensors, weight sensors, light sensors, resistive sensors, capacitivesensors, inductive sensors, vacuum pressure sensors, high pressuresensors, conductive pressure sensors, infrared sensors, photo-resistorsensors, photo-transistor sensors, photo-diodes sensors, ultrasonicsensors, or the like. Some embodiments may use a plurality of differentkinds of sensors, for example, associated with the same or overlappingareas of the shelves and/or associated with different areas of theshelves. Some embodiments may use a plurality of sensors configured tobe placed adjacent a store shelf, configured for location on the storeshelf, configured to be attached to, or configured to be integrated withthe store shelf. In some cases, at least part of the plurality ofsensors may be configured to be placed next to a surface of a storeshelf configured to hold products. For example, the at least part of theplurality of sensors may be configured to be placed relative to a partof a store shelf such that the at least part of the plurality of sensorsmay be positioned between the part of a store shelf and products placedon the part of the shelf. In another embodiment, the at least part ofthe plurality of sensors may be configured to be placed above and/orwithin and/or under the part of the shelf.

In one example, the plurality of sensors may include light detectorsconfigured to be located such that a product placed on the part of theshelf may block at least some of the ambient light from reaching thelight detectors. The data received from the light detectors may beanalyzed to detect a product or to identify a product based on the shapeof a product placed on the part of the shelf. In one example, the systemmay identify the product placed above the light detectors based on datareceived from the light detectors that may be indicative of at leastpart of the ambient light being blocked from reaching the lightdetectors. Further, the data received from the light detectors may beanalyzed to detect vacant spaces on the store shelf. For example, thesystem may detect vacant spaces on the store shelf based on the receiveddata that may be indicative of no product being placed on a part of theshelf. In another example, the plurality of sensors may include pressuresensors configured to be located such that a product placed on the partof the shelf may apply detectable pressure on the pressure sensors.Further, the data received from the pressure sensors may be analyzed todetect a product or to identify a product based on the shape of aproduct placed on the part of the shelf In one example, the system mayidentify the product placed above the pressure sensors based on datareceived from the pressure sensors being indicative of pressure beingapplied on the pressure sensors. In addition, the data from the pressuresensors may be analyzed to detect vacant spaces on the store shelf, forexample based on the readings being indicative of no product beingplaced on a part of the shelf, for example, when the pressure readingsare below a selected threshold. Consistent with the present disclosure,inputs from different types of sensors (such as pressure sensors, lightdetectors, etc.) may be combined and analyzed together, for example todetect products placed on a store shelf, to identify shapes of productsplaced on a store shelf, to identify types of products placed on a storeshelf, to identify vacant spaces on a store shelf, and so forth.

With reference to FIG. 8A and consistent with the present disclosure, astore shelf 800 may include a plurality of detection elements, e.g.,detection elements 801A and 801B. In the example of FIG. 8A, detectionelements 801A and 801B may comprise pressure sensors and/or other typeof sensors for measuring one or more parameters (such as resistance,capacitance, or the like) based on physical contact (or lack thereof)with products, e.g., product 803A and product 803B. Additionally oralternatively, detection elements configured to measure one or moreparameters (such as current induction, magnetic induction, visual orother electromagnetic reflectance, visual or other electromagneticemittance, or the like) may be included to detect products based onphysical proximity (or lack thereof) to products. Consistent with thepresent disclosure, the plurality of detection elements may beconfigured for location on shelf 800. The plurality of detectionelements may be configured to detect placement of products when theproducts are placed above at least part of the plurality of detectionelements. Some embodiments of the disclosure, however, may be performedwhen at least some of the detection elements may be located next toshelf 800 (e.g., for magnetometers or the like), across from shelf 800(e.g., for image sensors or other light sensors, light detection andranging (LIDAR) sensors, radio detection and ranging (RADAR) sensors, orthe like), above shelf 800 (e.g., for acoustic sensors or the like),below shelf 800 (e.g., for pressure sensors or the like), or any otherappropriate spatial arrangement. Although depicted as standalone unitsin the example of FIG. 8A, the plurality of detection elements may formpart of a fabric (e.g., a smart fabric or the like), and the fabric maybe positioned on a shelf to take measurements. For example, two or moredetection elements may be integrated together into a single structure(e.g., disposed within a common housing, integrated together within afabric or mat, etc.). In some examples, detection elements (such asdetection elements 801A and 801B) may be placed adjacent to (or placedon) store shelves as described above. Some examples of detectionelements may include pressure sensors and/or light detectors configuredto be placed above and/or within and/or under a store shelf as describedabove.

Detection elements associated with shelf 800 may be associated withdifferent areas of shelf 800. For example, detection elements 801A and801B are associated with area 805A while other detection elements areassociated with area 805B. Although depicted as rows, areas 805A and805B may comprise any areas of shelf 800, whether contiguous (e.g., asquare, a rectangular, or other regular or irregular shape) or not(e.g., a plurality of rectangles or other regular and/or irregularshapes). Such areas may also include horizontal regions between shelves(as shown in FIG. 8A) or may include vertical regions that include areaof multiple different shelves (e.g., columnar regions spanning overseveral different horizontally arranged shelves). In some examples, theareas may be part of a single plane. In some examples, each area may bepart of a different plane. In some examples, a single area may be partof a single plane or be divided across multiple planes.

One or more processors (e.g., processing device 202) configured tocommunicate with the detection elements (e.g., detection elements 801Aand 801B) may detect first signals associated with a first area (e.g.,areas 805A and/or 805B) and second signals associated with a secondarea. In some embodiments, the first area may, in part, overlap with thesecond area. For example, one or more detection elements may beassociated with the first area as well as the second area and/or one ormore detection elements of a first type may be associated with the firstarea while one or more detection elements of a second type may beassociated with the second area overlapping, at least in part, the firstarea. In other embodiments, the first area and the second area may bespatially separate from each other.

The one or more processors may, using the first and second signals,determine that one or more products have been placed in the first areawhile the second area includes at least one empty area. For example, ifthe detection elements include pressure sensors, the first signals mayinclude weight signals that match profiles of particular products (suchas the mugs or plates depicted in the example of FIG. 8A), and thesecond signals may include weight signals indicative of the absence ofproducts (e.g., by being equal to or within a threshold of a defaultvalue such as atmospheric pressure or the like). The disclosed weightsignals may be representative of actual weight values associated with aparticular product type or, alternatively, may be associated with arelative weight value sufficient to identify the product and/or toidentify the presence of a product. In some cases, the weight signal maybe suitable for verifying the presence of a product regardless ofwhether the signal is also sufficient for product identification. Inanother example, if the detection elements include light detectors (asdescribed above), the first signals may include light signals that matchprofiles of particular products (such as the mugs or plates depicted inthe example of FIG. 8A), and the second signals may include lightsignals indicative of the absence of products (e.g., by being equal toor within a threshold of a default value such as values corresponding toambient light or the like). For example, the first light signals may beindicative of ambient light being blocked by particular products, whilethe second light signals may be indicative of no product blocking theambient light. The disclosed light signals may be representative ofactual light patterns associated with a particular product type or,alternatively, may be associated with light patterns sufficient toidentify the product and/or to identify the presence of a product.

The one or more processors may similarly process signals from othertypes of sensors. For example, if the detection elements includeresistive or inductive sensors, the first signals may includeresistances, voltages, and/or currents that match profiles of particularproducts (such as the mugs or plates depicted in the example of FIG. 8Aor elements associated with the products, such as tags, etc.), and thesecond signals may include resistances, voltages, and/or currentsindicative of the absence of products (e.g., by being equal to or withina threshold of a default value such as atmospheric resistance, a defaultvoltage, a default current, corresponding to ambient light, or thelike). In another example, if the detection elements include acoustics,LIDAR, RADAR, or other reflective sensors, the first signals may includepatterns of returning waves (whether sound, visible light, infraredlight, radio, or the like) that match profiles of particular products(such as the mugs or plates depicted in the example of FIG. 8A), and thesecond signals may include patterns of returning waves (whether sound,visible light, infrared light, radio, or the like) indicative of theabsence of products (e.g., by being equal to or within a threshold of apattern associated with an empty shelf or the like).

Any of the profile matching described above may include direct matchingof a subject to a threshold. For example, direct matching may includetesting one or more measured values against the profile value(s) withina margin of error; mapping a received pattern onto a profile patternwith a residual having a maximum, minimum, integral, or the like withinthe margin of error; performing an autocorrelation, Fourier transform,convolution, or other operation on received measurements or a receivedpattern and comparing the resultant values or function against theprofile within a margin of error; or the like. Additionally oralternatively, profile matching may include fuzzy matching betweenmeasured values and/or patterns and a database of profiles such that aprofile with a highest level of confidence according to the fuzzysearch. Moreover, as depicted in the example of FIG. 8A, products, suchas product 803B, may be stacked and thus associated with a differentprofile when stacked than when standalone.

Any of the profile matching described above may include use of one ormore machine learning techniques. For example, one or more artificialneural networks, random forest models, or other models trained onmeasurements annotated with product identifiers may process themeasurements from the detection elements and identify productstherefrom. In such embodiments, the one or more models may useadditional or alternative input, such as images of the shelf (e.g., fromcapturing devices 125 of FIG. 4A-4C explained above) or the like.

Based on detected products and/or empty spaces, determined using thefirst signals and second signals, the one or more processors maydetermine one or more aspects of planogram compliance. For example, theone or more processors may identify products and their locations on theshelves, determine quantities of products within particular areas (e.g.,identifying stacked or clustered products), identify facing directionsassociated with the products (e.g., whether a product is outward facing,inward facing, askew, or the like), or the like. Identification of theproducts may include identifying a product type (e.g., a bottle of soda,a loaf of broad, a notepad, or the like) and/or a product brand (e.g., aCoca-Cola® bottle instead of a Sprite® bottle, a Starbucks® coffeetumbler instead of a Tervis® coffee tumbler, or the like). Productfacing direction and/or orientation, for example, may be determinedbased on a detected orientation of an asymmetric shape of a product baseusing pressure sensitive pads, detected density of products, etc. Forexample, the product facing may be determined based on locations ofdetected product bases relative to certain areas of a shelf (e.g., alonga front edge of a shelf), etc. Product facing may also be determinedusing image sensors, light sensors, or any other sensor suitable fordetecting product orientation.

The one or more processors may generate one or more indicators of theone or more aspects of planogram compliance. For example, an indicatormay comprise a data packet, a data file, or any other data structureindicating any variations from a planogram, e.g., with respect toproduct placement such as encoding intended coordinates of a product andactual coordinates on the shelf, with respect to product facingdirection and/or orientation such as encoding indicators of locationsthat have products not facing a correct direction and/or in an undesiredorientation, or the like.

In addition to or as an alternative to determining planogram compliance,the one or more processors may detect a change in measurements from oneor more detection elements. Such measurement changes may trigger aresponse. For example, a change of a first type may trigger capture ofat least one image of the shelf (e.g., using capturing devices 125 ofFIGS. 4A-4C explained above) while a detected change of a second typemay cause the at least one processor to forgo such capture. A first typeof change may, for example, indicate the moving of a product from onelocation on the shelf to another location such that planogram compliancemay be implicated. In such cases, it may be desired to capture an imageof the product rearrangement in order to assess or reassess productplanogram compliance. In another example, a first type of change mayindicate the removal of a product from the shelf, e.g., by an employeedue to damage, by a customer to purchase, or the like. On the otherhand, a second type of change may, for example, indicate the removal andreplacement of a product to the same (within a margin of error) locationon the shelf, e.g., by a customer to inspect the item. In cases whereproducts are removed from a shelf, but then replaced on the shelf (e.g.,within a particular time window), the system may forgo a new imagecapture, especially if the replaced product is detected in a locationsimilar to or the same as its recent, original position.

With reference to FIG. 8B and consistent with the present disclosure, astore shelf 850 may include a plurality of detection elements, e.g.,detection elements 851A and 851B. In the example of FIG. 8B, detectionelements 851A and 851B may comprise light sensors and/or other sensorsmeasuring one or more parameters (such as visual or otherelectromagnetic reflectance, visual or other electromagnetic emittance,or the like) based on electromagnetic waves from products, e.g., product853A and product 853B. Additionally or alternatively, as explained abovewith respect to FIG. 8B, detection elements 851A and 851B may comprisepressure sensors, other sensors measuring one or more parameters (suchas resistance, capacitance, or the like) based on physical contact (orlack thereof) with the products, and/or other sensors that measure oneor more parameters (such as current induction, magnetic induction,visual or other electromagnetic reflectance, visual or otherelectromagnetic emittance, or the like) based on physical proximity (orlack thereof) to products.

Moreover, although depicted as located on shelf 850, some detectionelements may be located next to shelf 850 (e.g., for magnetometers orthe like), across from shelf 850 (e.g., for image sensors or other lightsensors, light detection and ranging (LIDAR) sensors, radio detectionand ranging (RADAR) sensors, or the like), above shelf 850 (e.g., foracoustic sensors or the like), below shelf 850 (e.g., for pressuresensors, light detectors, or the like), or any other appropriate spatialarrangement. Further, although depicted as standalone in the example ofFIG. 8B, the plurality of detection elements may form part of a fabric(e.g., a smart fabric or the like), and the fabric may be positioned ona shelf to take measurements.

Detection elements associated with shelf 850 may be associated withdifferent areas of shelf 850, e.g., area 855A, area 855B, or the like.Although depicted as rows, areas 855A and 855B may comprise any areas ofshelf 850, whether contiguous (e.g., a square, a rectangular, or otherregular or irregular shape) or not (e.g., a plurality of rectangles orother regular and/or irregular shapes).

One or more processors (e.g., processing device 202) in communicationwith the detection elements (e.g., detection elements 851A and 851B) maydetect first signals associated with a first area and second signalsassociated with a second area. Any of the processing of the first andsecond signals described above with respect to FIG. 8A may similarly beperformed for the configuration of FIG. 8B.

In both FIGS. 8A and 8B, the detection elements may be integral to theshelf, part of a fabric or other surface configured for positioning onthe shelf, or the like. Power and/or data cables may form part of theshelf, the fabric, the surface, or be otherwise connected to thedetection elements. Additionally or alternatively, as depicted in FIGS.8A and 8B, individual sensors may be positioned on the shelf. Forexample, the power and/or data cables may be positioned under the shelfand connected through the shelf to the detection elements. In anotherexample, power and/or data may be transmitted wirelessly to thedetection elements (e.g., to wireless network interface controllersforming part of the detection elements). In yet another example, thedetection elements may include internal power sources (such as batteriesor fuel cells).

With reference to FIG. 9 and consistent with the present disclosure, thedetection elements described above with reference to FIGS. 8A and 8B maybe arranged on rows of the shelf in any appropriate configuration. Allof the arrangements of FIG. 9 are shown as a top-down view of a row(e.g., area 805A, area 805B, area 855A, area 855B, or the like) on theshelf. For example, arrangements 910 and 940 are both uniformdistributions of detection elements within a row. However, arrangement910 is also uniform throughout the depth of the row while arrangement940 is staggered. Both arrangements may provide signals that representproducts on the shelf in accordance with spatially uniform measurementlocations. As further shown in FIG. 9, arrangements 920, 930, 950, and960 cluster detection elements near the front (e.g., a facing portion)of the row. Arrangement 920 includes detection elements at a frontportion while arrangement 930 includes defection elements in a largerportion of the front of the shelf. Such arrangements may save power andprocessing cycles by having fewer detection elements on a back portionof the shelf. Arrangements 950 and 960 include some detection elementsin a back portion of the shelf but these elements are arranged lessdense than detection elements in the front. Such arrangements may allowfor detections in the back of the shelf (e.g., a need to restockproducts, a disruption to products in the back by a customer oremployee, or the like) while still using less power and fewer processingcycles than arrangements 910 and 940. And, such arrangements may includea higher density of detection elements in regions of the shelf (e.g., afront edge of the shelf) where product turnover rates may be higher thanin other regions (e.g., at areas deeper into a shelf), and/or in regionsof the shelf where planogram compliance is especially important.

FIG. 10A is a flow chart, illustrating an exemplary method 1000 formonitoring planogram compliance on a store shelf, in accordance with thepresently disclosed subject matter. It is contemplated that method 1000may be used with any of the detection element arrays discussed abovewith reference to, for example, FIGS. 8A, 8B and 9. The order andarrangement of steps in method 1000 is provided for purposes ofillustration. As will be appreciated from this disclosure, modificationsmay be made to process 1000, for example, adding, combining, removing,and/or rearranging one or more steps of process 1000.

Method 1000 may include a step 1005 of receiving first signals from afirst subset of detection elements (e.g., detection elements 801A and801B of FIG. 8A) from among the plurality of detection elements afterone or more of a plurality of products (e.g., products 803A and 803B)are placed on at least one area of the store shelf associated with thefirst subset of detection elements. As explained above with respect toFIGS. 8A and 8B, the plurality of detection elements may be embeddedinto a fabric configured to be positioned on the store shelf.Additionally or alternatively, the plurality of detection elements maybe configured to be integrated with the store shelf. For example, anarray of pressure sensitive elements (or any other type of detector) maybe fabricated as part of the store shelf. In some examples, theplurality of detection elements may be configured to placed adjacent to(or located on) store shelves, as described above.

As described above with respect to arrangements 910 and 940 of FIG. 9,the plurality of detection elements may be substantially uniformlydistributed across the store shelf. Alternatively, as described abovewith respect to arrangements 920, 930, 950, and 960 of FIG. 9, theplurality of detection elements may be distributed relative to the storeshelf such that a first area of the store shelf has a higher density ofdetection elements than a second area of the store shelf. For example,the first area may comprise a front portion of the shelf, and the secondarea may comprise a back portion of the shelf.

In some embodiments, such as those including pressure sensors or othercontact sensors as depicted in the example of FIG. 8A, step 1005 mayinclude receiving the first signals from the first subset of detectionelements as the plurality of products are placed above the first subsetof detection elements. In some embodiments where the plurality ofdetection elements includes pressure detectors, the first signals may beindicative of pressure levels detected by pressure detectorscorresponding to the first subset of detection elements after one ormore of the plurality of products are placed on the at least one area ofthe store shelf associated with the first subset of detection elements.For example, the first signals may be indicative of pressure levelsdetected by pressure detectors corresponding to the first subset ofdetection elements after stocking at least one additional product abovea product previously positioned on the shelf, removal of a product fromthe shelf, or the like. In other embodiments where the plurality ofdetection elements includes light detectors, the first signals may beindicative of light measurements made with respect to one or more of theplurality of products placed on the at least one area of the store shelfassociated with the first subset of detection elements. Specifically,the first signals may be indicative of at least part of the ambientlight being blocked from reaching the light detectors by the one or moreof the plurality of products.

In embodiments including proximity sensors as depicted in the example ofFIG. 8B, step 1005 may include receiving the first signals from thefirst subset of detection elements as the plurality of products areplaced below the first subset of detection elements. In embodimentswhere the plurality of detection elements include proximity detectors,the first signals may be indicative of proximity measurements made withrespect to one or more of the plurality of products placed on the atleast one area of the store shelf associated with the first subset ofdetection elements.

Method 1000 may include step 1010 of using the first signals to identifyat least one pattern associated with a product type of the plurality ofproducts. For example, any of the pattern matching techniques describedabove with respect to FIGS. 8A and 8B may be used for identification. Apattern associated with a product type may include a pattern (e.g., acontinuous ring, a discontinuous ring of a certain number of points, acertain shape, etc.) associated with a base of a single product. Thepattern associated with a product type may also be formed by a group ofproducts. For example, a six pack of soda cans may be associated with apattern including a 2×3 array of continuous rings associated with thesix cans of that product type. Additionally, a grouping of two literbottles may form a detectable pattern including an array (whetheruniform, irregular, or random) of discontinuous rings of pressurepoints, where the rings have a diameter associated with a particular2-liter product. Various other types of patterns may also be detected(e.g., patterns associated with different product types arrangedadjacent to one another, patterns associated with solid shapes (such asa rectangle of a boxed product), etc.). In another example, anartificial neural network configured to recognize product types may beused to analyze the signals received by step 1005 (such as signals frompressure sensors, from light detectors, from contact sensors, and soforth) to determine product types associated with products placed on anarea of a shelf (such as an area of a shelf associated with the firstsubset of detection elements). In yet another example, a machinelearning algorithm trained using training examples to recognize producttypes may be used to analyze the signals received by step 1005 (such assignals from pressure sensors, from light detectors, from contactsensors, and so forth) to determine product types associated withproducts placed on an area of a shelf (such as an area of a shelfassociated with the first subset of detection elements).

In some embodiments, step 1010 may further include accessing a memorystoring data (e.g., memory device 226 of FIG. 2 and/or memory device 314of FIG. 3A) associated with patterns of different types of products. Insuch embodiments, step 1010 may include using the first signals toidentify at least one product of a first type using a first pattern (ora first product model) and at least one product of a second type using asecond pattern (or a second product model). For example, the first typemay include one brand (such as Coca-Cola® or Folgers®) while the secondtype may include another brand (such as Pepsi® or Maxwell House®). Inthis example, a size, shape, point spacing, weight, resistance or otherproperty of the first brand may be different from that of the secondbrand such that the detection elements may differentiate the brands.Such characteristics may also be used to differentiate like-branded, butdifferent products from one another (e.g., a 12-ounce can of Coca Cola,versus a 16 oz bottle of Coca Cola, versus a 2-liter bottle of CocaCola). For example, a soda may have a base detectable by a pressuresensitive pad as a continuous ring. Further, the can of soda may beassociated with a first weight signal having a value recognizable asassociated with such a product. A 16 ounce bottle of soda may beassociated with a base having four or five pressure points, which apressure sensitive pad may detect as arranged in a pattern associatedwith a diameter typical of such a product. The 16 ounce bottle of sodamay also be associated with a second weight signal having a value higherthan the weight signal associated with the 12 ounce can of soda. Furtherstill, a 2 liter bottle of soda may be associated with a base having aring, four or five pressure points, etc. that a pressure sensitive padmay detect as arranged in a pattern associated with a diameter typicalof such a product. The 2 liter bottle of soda may be associated with aweight signal having a value higher than the weight signal associatedwith the 12 ounce can of soda and 16 ounce bottle of soda.

In the example of FIG. 8B, the different bottoms of product 853A andproduct 853B may be used to differentiate the products from each other.For example, detection elements such as pressure sensitive pads may beused to detect a product base shape and size (e.g., ring, pattern ofpoints, asymmetric shape, base dimensions, etc.). Such a base shape andsize may be used (optionally, together with one or more weight signals)to identify a particular product. The signals may also be used toidentify and/or distinguish product types from one another. For example,a first type may include one category of product (such as soda cans)while a second type may include a different category of product (such asnotepads). In another example, detection elements such as lightdetectors may be used to detect a product based on a pattern of lightreadings indicative of a product blocking at least part of the ambientlight from reaching the light detectors. Such pattern of light readingsmay be used to identify product type and/or product category and/orproduct shape. For example, products of a first type may block a firstsubset of light frequencies of the ambient light from reaching the lightdetectors, while products of a second type may block a second subset oflight frequencies of the ambient light from reaching the light detectors(the first subset and second subset may differ). In this case the typeof the products may be determined based on the light frequenciesreaching the light detectors. In another example, products of a firsttype may have a first shape of shades and therefore may block ambientlight from reaching light detectors arranged in one shape, whileproducts of a second type may have a second shape of shades andtherefore may block ambient light from reaching light detectors arrangedin another shape. In this case the type of the products may bedetermined based on the shape of blocked ambient light. Any of thepattern matching techniques described above may be used for theidentification.

Additionally or alternatively, step 1010 may include using the at leastone pattern to determine a number of products placed on the at least onearea of the store shelf associated with the first subset of detectionelements. For example, any of the pattern matching techniques describedabove may be used to identify the presence of one or more product typesand then to determine the number of products of each product type (e.g.,by detecting a number of similarly sized and shaped product bases andoptionally by detecting weight signals associated with each detectedbase). In another example, an artificial neural network configured todetermine the number of products of selected product types may be usedto analyze the signals received by step 1005 (such as signals frompressure sensors, from light detectors, from contact sensors, and soforth) to determine the number of products of selected product typesplaced on an area of a shelf (such as an area of a shelf associated withthe first subset of detection elements). In yet another example, amachine learning algorithm trained using training examples to determinethe number of products of selected product types may be used to analyzethe signals received by step 1005 (such as signals from pressuresensors, from light detectors, from contact sensors, and so forth) todetermine the number of products of selected product types placed on anarea of a shelf (such as an area of a shelf associated with the firstsubset of detection elements). Additionally or alternatively, step 1010may include extrapolating from a stored pattern associated with a singleproduct (or type of product) to determine the number of productsmatching the first signals. In such embodiments, step 1010 may furtherinclude determining, for example based on product dimension data storedin a memory, a number of additional products that can be placed on theat least one area of the store shelf associated with the second subsetof detection elements. For example, step 1010 may include extrapolatingbased on stored dimensions of each product and stored dimensions of theshelf area to determine an area and/or volume available for additionalproducts. Step 1010 may further include extrapolation of the number ofadditional products based on the stored dimensions of each product anddetermined available area and/or volume.

Method 1000 may include step 1015 of receiving second signals from asecond subset of detection elements (e.g., detection elements 851A and851B of FIG. 8B) from among the plurality of detection elements, thesecond signals being indicative of no products being placed on at leastone area of the store shelf associated with the second subset ofdetection elements. Using this information, method 1000 may include step1020 of using the second signals to determine at least one empty spaceon the store shelf. For example, any of the pattern matching techniquesdescribed above may be used to determine that the second signals includedefault values or other values indicative of a lack of product incertain areas associated with a retail store shelf. A default value maybe include, for example, a pressure signal associated with an un-loadedpressure sensor or pressure sensitive mat, indicating that no product islocated in a certain region of a shelf. In another example, a defaultvalue may include signals from light detectors corresponding to ambientlight, indicating that no product is located in a certain region of ashelf.

Method 1000 may include step 1025 of determining, based on the at leastone pattern associated with a detected product and the at least oneempty space, at least one aspect of planogram compliance. As explainedabove with respect to FIGS. 8A and 8B, the aspect of planogramcompliance may include the presence or absence of particular products(or brands), locations of products on the shelves, quantities ofproducts within particular areas (e.g., identifying stacked or clusteredproducts), facing directions associated with the products (e.g., whethera product is outward facing, inward facing, askew, or the like), or thelike. A planogram compliance determination may be made, for example, bydetermining a number of empty spaces on a shelf and determining alocation of the empty spaces on a shelf. The planogram determination mayalso include determining weight signal magnitudes associated withdetected products at the various detected non-empty locations. Thisinformation may be used by the one or more processors in determiningwhether a product facing specification has been satisfied (e.g., whethera front edge of a shelf has a suitable number of products or suitabledensity of products), whether a specified stacking density has beenachieved (e.g., by determining a pattern of detected products and weightsignals of the detected products to determine how many products arestacked at each location), whether a product density specification hasbeen achieved (e.g., by determining a ratio of empty locations toproduct-present locations), whether products of a selected product typeare located in a selected area of the shelf, whether all productslocated in a selected area of the shelf are of a selected product type,whether a selected number of products (or a selected number of productsof a selected product type) are located in a selected area of the shelf,whether products located in a selected area of a shelf are positioned ina selected orientation, or whether any other aspect of one or moreplanograms has been achieved.

For example, the at least one aspect may include product homogeneity,and step 1025 may further include counting occurrences where a productof the second type is placed on an area of the store shelf associatedwith the first type of product. For example, by accessing a memoryincluding base patterns (or any other type of pattern associated withproduct types, such as product models), the at least one processor maydetect different products and product types. A product of a first typemay be recognized based on a first pattern, and product of a second typemay be recognized based on a second, different pattern (optionally alsobased on weight signal information to aid in differentiating betweenproducts). Such information may be used, for example, to monitor whethera certain region of a shelf includes an appropriate or intended productor product type. Such information may also be useful in determiningwhether products or product types have been mixed (e.g., producthomogeneity). Regarding planogram compliance, detection of differentproducts and their relative locations on a shelf may aid in determiningwhether a product homogeneity value, ratio, etc. has been achieved. Forexample, the at least one processor may count occurrences where aproduct of a second type is placed on an area of the store shelfassociated with a product of a first type.

Additionally or alternatively, the at least one aspect of planogramcompliance may include a restocking rate, and step 1025 may furtherinclude determining the restocking rate based on a sensed rate at whichproducts are added to the at least one area of the store shelfassociated with the second subset of detection elements. Restocking ratemay be determined, for example, by monitoring a rate at which detectionelement signals change as products are added to a shelf (e.g., whenareas of a pressure sensitive pad change from a default value to aproduct-present value).

Additionally or alternatively, the at least one aspect of planogramcompliance may include product facing, and step 1025 may further includedetermining the product facing based on a number of products determinedto be placed on a selected area of the store shelf at a front of thestore shelf. Such product facing may be determined by determining anumber of products along a certain length of a front edge of a storeshelf and determining whether the number of products complies with, forexample, a specified density of products, a specified number ofproducts, and so forth.

Step 1025 may further include transmitting an indicator of the at leastone aspect of planogram compliance to a remote server. For example, asexplained above with respect to FIGS. 8A and 8B, the indicator maycomprise a data packet, a data file, or any other data structureindicating any variations from a planogram, e.g., with respect toproduct (or brand) placement, product facing direction, or the like. Theremote server may include one or more computers associated with a retailstore (e.g., so planogram compliance may be determined on a local basiswithin a particular store), one or more computers associated with aretail store evaluation body (e.g., so planogram compliance may bedetermined across a plurality of retail stores), one or more computersassociated with a product manufacturer, one or more computers associatedwith a supplier (such as supplier 115), one or more computers associatedwith a market research entity (such as market research entity 110), etc.

Method 1000 may further include additional steps. For example, method1000 may include identifying a change in at least one characteristicassociated with one or more of the first signals (e.g., signals from afirst group or type of detection elements), and in response to theidentified change, triggering an acquisition of at least one image ofthe store shelf. The acquisition may be implemented by activating one ormore of capturing devices 125 of FIGS. 4A-4C, as explained above. Forexample, the change in at least one characteristic associated with oneor more of the first signals may be indicative of removal of at leastone product from a location associated with the at least one area of thestore shelf associated with the first subset of detection elements.Accordingly, method 1000 may include triggering the acquisition todetermine whether restocking, reorganizing, or other intervention isrequired, e.g., to improve planogram compliance. Thus, method 1000 mayinclude identifying a change in at least one characteristic associatedwith one or more of the first signals; and in response to the identifiedchange, trigger a product-related task for an employee of the retailstore.

Additionally or alternatively, method 1000 may be combined with method1050 of FIG. 10B, described below, such that step 1055 is performed anytime after step 1005.

FIG. 10B is a flow chart, illustrating an exemplary method 1050 fortriggering image capture of a store shelf, in accordance with thepresently disclosed subject matter. It is contemplated that method 1050may be used in conjunction with any of the detection element arraysdiscussed above with reference to, for example, FIGS. 8A, 8B and 9. Theorder and arrangement of steps in method 1050 is provided for purposesof illustration. As will be appreciated from this disclosure,modifications may be made to process 1050, for example, adding,combining, removing, and/or rearranging one or more steps of process1050.

Method 1050 may include a step 1055 of determining a change in at leastone characteristic associated with one or more first signals. Forexample, the first signals may have been captured as part of method 1000of FIG. 10A, described above. For example, the first signals may includepressure readings when the plurality of detection elements includespressure sensors, contact information when the plurality of detectionelements includes contact sensors, light readings when the plurality ofdetection elements includes light detectors (for example, from lightdetectors configured to be placed adjacent to (or located on) a surfaceof a store shelf configured to hold products, as described above), andso forth.

Method 1050 may include step 1060 of using the first signals to identifyat least one pattern associated with a product type of the plurality ofproducts. For example, any of the pattern matching techniques describedabove with respect to FIGS. 8A, 8B, and step 1010 may be used foridentification.

Method 1050 may include step 1065 of determining a type of eventassociated with the change. For example, a type of event may include aproduct removal, a product placement, movement of a product, or thelike.

Method 1050 may include step 1070 of triggering an acquisition of atleast one image of the store shelf when the change is associated with afirst event type. For example, a first event type may include removal ofa product, moving of a product, or the like, such that the first eventtype may trigger a product-related task for an employee of the retailstore depending on analysis of the at least one image. The acquisitionmay be implemented by activating one or more of capturing devices 125 ofFIGS. 4A-4C, as explained above. In some examples, the triggeredacquisition may include an activation of at least one projector (such asprojector 632). In some examples, the triggered acquisition may includeacquisition of color images, depth images, stereo images, active stereoimages, time of flight images, LIDAR images, RADAR images, and so forth.

Method 1050 may include a step (not shown) of forgoing the acquisitionof at least one image of the store shelf when the change is associatedwith a second event type. For example, a second event type may includereplacement of a removed product by a customer, stocking of a shelf byan employee, or the like. As another example, a second event type mayinclude removal, placement, or movement of a product that is detectedwithin a margin of error of the detection elements and/or detectedwithin a threshold (e.g., removal of only one or two products; movementof a product by less than 5 cm, 20 cm, or the like; moving of a facingdirection by less than 10 degrees; or the like), such that no imageacquisition is required.

FIGS. 11A-11E illustrate example outputs based on data automaticallyderived from machine processing and analysis of images captured inretail store 105 according to disclosed embodiments. FIG. 11Aillustrates an optional output for market research entity 110. FIG. 11Billustrates an optional output for supplier 115. FIGS. 11C and 11Dillustrate optional outputs for employees of retail store 105. And FIG.11E illustrates optional outputs for user 120.

FIG. 11A illustrates an example graphical user interface (GUI) 500 foroutput device 145A, representative of a GUI that may be used by marketresearch entity 110. Consistent with the present disclosure, marketresearch entity 110 may assist supplier 115 and other stakeholders inidentifying emerging trends, launching new products, and/or developingmerchandising and distribution plans across a large number of retailstores 105. By doing so, market research entity 110 may assist supplier115 in growing product presence and maximizing or increasing new productsales. As mentioned above, market research entity 110 may be separatedfrom or part of supplier 115. To successfully launch a new product,supplier 115 may use information about what really happens in retailstore 105. For example, supplier 115 may want to monitor how marketingplans are being executed and to learn what other competitors are doingrelative to certain products or product types. Embodiments of thepresent disclosure may allow market research entity 110 and suppliers115 to continuously monitor product-related activities at retail stores105 (e.g., using system 100 to generate various metrics or informationbased on automated analysis of actual, timely images acquired from theretail stores). For example, in some embodiments, market research entity110 may track how quickly or at what rate new products are introduced toretail store shelves, identify new products introduced by variousentities, assess a supplier's brand presence across different retailstores 105, among many other potential metrics.

In some embodiments, server 135 may provide market research entity 110with information including shelf organization, analysis of skewproductivity trends, and various reports aggregating information onproducts appearing across large numbers of retail stores 105. Forexample, as shown in FIG. 11A, GUI 1100 may include a first display area1102 for showing a percentage of promotion campaign compliance indifferent retail stores 105. GUI 1100 may also include a second displayarea 1104 showing a graph illustrating sales of a certain productrelative to the percentage of out of shelf. GUI 1100 may also include athird display area 1106 showing actual measurements of different factorsrelative to target goals (e.g., planogram compliance, restocking rate,price compliance, and other metrics). The provided information mayenable market research entity 110 to give supplier 115 informed shelvingrecommendations and fine-tune promotional strategies according toin-store marketing trends, to provide store managers with a comparisonof store performances in comparison to a group of retail stores 105 orindustry wide performances, and so forth.

FIG. 11B illustrates an example GUI 1110 for output device 145B used bysupplier 115. Consistent with the present disclosure, server 135 may usedata derived from images captured in a plurality of retail stores 105 torecommend a planogram, which often determines sales success of differentproducts. Using various analytics and planogram productivity measures,server 135 may help supplier 115 to determine an effective planogramwith assurances that most if not all retail stores 105 can execute theplan. For example, the determined planogram may increase the probabilitythat inventory is available for each retail store 105 and may bedesigned to decrease costs or to keep costs within a budget (such asinventory costs, restocking costs, shelf space costs, etc.). Server 135may also provide pricing recommendations based on the goals of supplier115 and other factors. In other words, server 135 may help supplier 115understand how much room to reserve for different products and how tomake them available for favorable sales and profit impact (for example,by choosing the size of the shelf dedicated to a selected product, thelocation of the shelf, the height of the shelf, the neighboringproducts, and so forth). In addition, server 135 may monitor nearreal-time data from retail stores 105 to determine or confirm thatretail stores 105 are compliant with the determined planogram ofsupplier 115. As used herein, the term “near real-time data,” in thecontext of this disclosure, refers to data acquired or generated, etc.,based on sensor readings and other inputs (such as data from imagesensors, audio sensors, pressure sensors, checkout stations, etc.) fromretail store 105 received by system 100 within a predefined period oftime (such as time periods having durations of less than a second, lessthan a minute, less than an hour, less than a day, less than a week,etc.).

In some embodiments, server 135 may generate reports that summarizeperformance of the current assortment and the planogram compliance.These reports may advise supplier 115 of the category and the itemperformance based on individual SKU, sub segments of the category,vendor, and region. In addition, server 135 may provide suggestions orinformation upon which decisions may be made regarding how or when toremove markdowns and when to replace underperforming products. Forexample, as shown in FIG. 11B, GUI 1110 may include a first display area1112 for showing different scores of supplier 115 relative to scoresassociated with its competitors. GUI 1110 may also include a seconddisplay area 1114 showing the market share of each competitor. GUI 1110may also include a third display area 1116 showing retail measurementsand distribution of brands. GUI 1110 may also include a fourth displayarea 1118 showing a suggested planogram. The provided information mayhelp supplier 115 to select preferred planograms based on projected orobserved profitability, etc., and to ensure that retail stores 105 arefollowing the determined planogram.

FIGS. 11C and 11D illustrate example GUIs for output devices 145C, whichmay be used by employees of retail store 105. FIG. 11C depicts a GUI1120 for a manager of retail store 105 designed for a desktop computer,and FIG. 11D depicts GUI 1130 and 1140 for store staff designed for ahandheld device. In-store execution is one of the challenges retailstores 105 have in creating a positive customer experience. Typicalin-store execution may involve dealing with ongoing service events, suchas a cleaning event, a restocking event, a rearrangement event, andmore. In some embodiments, system 100 may improve in-store execution byproviding adequate visibility to ensure that the right products arelocated at preferred locations on the shelf. For example, using nearreal-time data (e.g., captured images of store shelves) server 135 maygenerate customized online reports. Store managers and regionalmanagers, as well as other stakeholders, may access custom dashboardsand online reports to see how in-store conditions (such as, planogramcompliance, promotion compliance, price compliance, etc.) are affectingsales. This way, system 100 may enable managers of retail stores 105 tostay on top of burning issues across the floor and assign employees toaddress issues that may negatively impact the customer experience.

In some embodiments, server 135 may cause real-time automated alertswhen products are out of shelf (or near out of shelf), when pricing isinaccurate, when intended promotions are absent, and/or when there areissues with planogram compliance, among others. In the example shown inFIG. 11C, GUI 1120 may include a first display area 1122 for showing theaverage scores (for certain metrics) of a specific retail store 105 overa selected period of time. GUI 1120 may also include a second displayarea 1124 for showing a map of the specific retail store 105 withreal-time indications of selected in-store execution events that requireattention, and a third display area 1126 for showing a list of theselected in-store execution events that require attention. In anotherexample, shown in FIG. 11D, GUI 1130 may include a first display area1132 for showing a list of notifications or text messages indicatingselected in-store execution events that require attention. Thenotifications or text messages may include a link to an image (or theimage itself) of the specific aisle with the in-store execution event.In another example, shown in FIG. 11D, GUI 1140 may include a firstdisplay area 1142 for showing a display of a video stream captured byoutput device 145C (e.g., a real-time display or a near real-timedisplay) with augmented markings indicting a status of planogramcompliance for each product (e.g., correct place, misplaced, not inplanogram, empty, and so forth). GUI 1140 may also include a seconddisplay area 1144 for showing a summary of the planogram compliance forall the products identified in the video stream captured by outputdevice 145C. Consistent with the present disclosure, server 135 maygenerate within minutes actionable tasks to improve store execution.These tasks may help employees of retail store 105 to quickly addresssituations that can negatively impact revenue and customer experience inthe retail store 105.

FIG. 11E illustrates an example GUI 1150 for output device 145D used byan online customer of retail store 105. Traditional online shoppingsystems present online customers with a list of products. Productsselected for purchase may be placed into a virtual shopping cart untilthe customers complete their virtual shopping trip. Virtual shoppingcarts may be examined at any time, and their contents can be edited ordeleted. However, common problems of traditional online shopping systemsarise when the list of products on the website does not correspond withthe actual products on the shelf. For example, an online customer mayorder a favorite cookie brand without knowing that the cookie brand isout-of-stock. Consistent with some embodiments, system 100 may use imagedata acquired by capturing devices 125 to provide the online customerwith a near real-time display of the retail store and a list of theactual products on the shelf based on near real-time data. In oneembodiment, server 135 may select images without occlusions in the fieldof view (e.g., without other customers, carts, etc.) for the nearreal-time display. In one embodiment, server 135 may blur or erasedepictions of customers and other people from the near real-timedisplay. As used herein, the term “near real-time display,” in thecontext of this disclosure, refers to image data captured in retailstore 105 that was obtained by system 100 within a predefined period oftime (such as less than a second, less than a minute, less than about 30minutes, less than an hour, less than 3 hours, or less than 12 hours)from the time the image data was captured.

Consistent with the present disclosure, the near real-time display ofretail store 105 may be presented to the online customer in a mannerenabling easy virtual navigation in retail store 105. For example, asshown in FIG. 11E, GUI 1150 may include a first display area 1152 forshowing the near real-time display and a second display area 1154 forshowing a product list including products identified in the nearreal-time display. In some embodiments, first display area 1152 mayinclude different GUI features (e.g., tabs 1156) associated withdifferent locations or departments of retail store 105. By selectingeach of the GUI features, the online customer can virtually jump todifferent locations or departments in retail store 105. For example,upon selecting the “bakery” tab, GUI 1150 may present a near real-timedisplay of the bakery of retail store 105. In addition, first displayarea 1152 may include one or more navigational features (e.g., arrows1158A and 1158B) for enabling the online customer to virtually movewithin a selected department and/or virtually walk through retail store105. Server 135 may be configured to update the near real-time displayand the product list upon determining that the online customer wants tovirtually move within retail store 105. For example, after identifying aselection of arrow 1158B, server 135 may present a different section ofthe dairy department and may update the product list accordingly. Inanother example, server 135 may update the near-real time display andthe product list in response to new captured images and new informationreceived from retail store 105. Using GUI 1150, the online customer mayhave the closest shopping experience without actually being in retailstore 105. For example, an online customer can visit the vegetabledepartment and decide not to buy tomatoes after seeing that they are notripe enough.

The present disclosure relates to a system for processing imagescaptured in a retail store. According to the present disclosure, thesystem may include at least one processor. While the present disclosureprovides examples of the system, it should be noted that aspects of thedisclosure in their broadest sense, are not limited to a system forprocessing images. Rather, the system may be configured to processinformation collected from a retail store. System 1200, illustrated inFIG. 12, is one example of a system for processing images captured in aretail store, in accordance with the present disclosure.

System 1200 may include an image processing unit 130. Image processingunit 130 may include server 135 operatively connected to database 140.Image processing unit 130 may include one or more servers connected bynetwork 150. The one or more servers 135 may include processing device202, which may include one or more processors as discussed above. Whilethe present disclosure provides examples of processors, it should benoted that aspects of the disclosure in their broadest sense, are notlimited to the disclosed processors.

System 1200 may include or be connected to network 150. Network 150 mayfacilitate communications and data exchange between different systemcomponents, such as, server 135, when these components are coupled tonetwork 150 to enable output of data derived from the images captured bythe one or more capturing devices 125. Other devices may also be coupledto network 150.

Server 135 may include a bus (or any other communication mechanism) thatinterconnects subsystems and components for transferring informationwithin server 135. For example, as shown in FIG. 12, server 135 mayinclude bus 200. Bus 200 may interconnect processing device 202, memoryinterface 204, network interface 206, and peripherals interface 208connected to I/O system 210. Processing device 202 may include at leastone processor configured to execute computer programs, applications,methods, processes, or other software to execute particular instructionsassociated with embodiments described in the present disclosure.

Consistent with the present disclosure, the methods and processesdisclosed herein may be performed by server 135 as a result ofprocessing device 202 executing one or more sequences of one or moreinstructions contained in a non-transitory computer-readable storagemedium. As used herein, a non-transitory computer-readable storagemedium refers to any type of physical memory on which information ordata readable by at least one processor can be stored.

Server 135 may also include peripherals interface 208 coupled to bus200. Peripherals interface 208 may be connected to sensors, devices, andsubsystems to facilitate multiple functionalities. In one embodiment,peripherals interface 208 may be connected to I/O system 210 configuredto receive signals or input from devices and provide signals or outputto one or more devices that allow data to be received and/or transmittedby server 135. In one embodiment I/O system 210 may include or beassociated with output device 145. For example, I/O system 210 mayinclude a touch screen controller 212, an audio controller 214, and/orother input controller(s) 216. Touch screen controller 212 may becoupled to a touch screen 218. Touch screen 218 and touch screencontroller 212 can, for example, detect contact, movement, or breakthereof using any of a plurality of touch sensitivity technologies,including but not limited to capacitive, resistive, infrared, andsurface acoustic wave technologies as well as other proximity sensorarrays or other elements for determining one or more points of contactwith touch screen 218. Touch screen 218 can also, for example, be usedto implement virtual or soft buttons and/or a keyboard. While touchscreen 218 is shown in FIG. 12, I/O system 210 may include a displayscreen (e.g., CRT or LCD) in place of touch screen 218. Audio controller214 may be coupled to a microphone 220 and a speaker 222 to facilitatevoice-enabled functions, such as voice recognition, voice replication,digital recording, and telephony functions. The other inputcontroller(s) 216 may be coupled to other input/control devices 224,such as one or more buttons, rocker switches, thumb-wheel, infraredport, USB port, and/or a pointer device such as a stylus. While thepresent disclosure provides examples of peripherals, it should be notedthat aspects of the disclosure in their broadest sense, are not limitedto the disclosed peripherals.

In some embodiments, server 135 may be configured to display an image toa user using I/O system 210 (e.g., a display screen). Processing device202 may be configured to send the image data to I/O system 210 using bus200 and peripherals interface 208.

In some embodiments, server 135 may be configured to interact with oneor more users using I/O interface system 210, touch screen 218,microphone 220, speaker 222 and/or other input/control devices 224. Fromthe interaction with the users, server 135 may be configured to receiveinput from the users. For example, a user may enter inputs by clickingon touch screen 218, by typing on a keyboard, by speaking to microphone220, and/or inserting USB driver to a USB port. In some embodiments, theinputs may include an indication of a type of products, such as,“Coca-Cola Zero,” “Head & Shoulders Shampoo,” or the like. In someembodiments, the inputs may include an image that depicts products ofdifferent type displaying on one or more shelves, as illustrated in FIG.13A; and/or an image that depicts a type of product displayed on a shelfor a part of a shelf, as described in FIG. 13B.

In one embodiment, memory device 226 may store data in database 140.Database 140 may include one or more memory devices that store data andinstructions used to perform one or more features of the disclosedembodiments. In some embodiments, database 140 may be configured tostore product models. The data for each product model may be stored asrows in tables or in other ways. In some embodiments, database 140 maybe configured to update at least one product model. Updating a group ofproduct models may comprise deleting or deactivating some data in themodels. For example, image processing unit 130 may delete some images inthe product models in database 140, and store other images forreplacement. While the present disclosure provides examples ofdatabases, it should be noted that aspects of the disclosure in theirbroadest sense, are not limited to the disclosed databases.

Database 140 may include product models 1201, confidence thresholds1203, and some other data. Product models 1201 may include product typemodel data 240 (e.g., an image representation, a list of features, andmore) that may be used to identify products in received images. In someembodiments, product models 1201 may include visual characteristicsassociated with a type of product (e.g., size, shape, logo, text, color,etc.). Consistent with the present disclosure, database 140 may beconfigured to store confidence threshold 1203, which may denote areference value, a level, a point, or a range of values. In someembodiments, database 140 may store contextual information associatedwith a type of product. In other embodiments of the disclosure, database140 may store additional types of data or fewer types of data.Furthermore, various types of data may be stored in one or more memorydevices other than memory device 226. While the present disclosureprovides examples of product models, it should be noted that aspects ofthe disclosure in their broadest sense, are not limited to the disclosedproduct models.

Consistent with the present disclosure, the at least one processor maybe configured to access a database storing a group of product models,each product model may relate to at least one product in the retailstore. The group of product models may correspond to a plurality ofproduct types in the retail store. For example, server 135 may beconfigured to access database 140 directly or via network 150. In someembodiments, sever 135 may be configured to store/retrieve data storedin database 140. For example, server 135 may be configured tostore/retrieve a group of product models. Consistent with the presentembodiment, “product model” refers to any type of algorithm or storedproduct data that a processor can access or execute to enable theidentification of a particular product associated with the productmodel. For example, the product model may include a description ofvisual and contextual properties of the particular product (e.g., theshape, the size, the colors, the texture, the brand name, the price, thelogo, text appearing on the particular product, the shelf associatedwith the particular product, adjacent products in a planogram, thelocation within the retail store, etc.). In another example, the productmodel may include exemplary images of the product or products. In yetanother example, the product model may include parameters of anartificial neural network configured to identify particular products. Inanother example, the product model may include parameters of an imageconvolution function. In yet another example, the product model mayinclude support vectors that may be used by a Support Vector Machine toidentify products. In another example, the product models may includeparameters of a machine learning model trained by a machine learningalgorithm using training examples to identify products. In someembodiments, a single product model may be used by server 135 toidentify more than one product. In some embodiments, two or more productmodels may be used in combination to enable identification of a product.For example, a first product model may be used by server 135 to identifya product type or category (e.g., shampoo, soft drinks, etc.) (suchmodels may apply to multiple products), while one or more other productmodels may enable identification of a particular product (e.g., 6-packof 16 oz Coca-Cola Zero). In some cases, such product models may beapplied together (e.g., in series, in parallel, as a cascade ofclassifiers, as a tree of classifiers, and/or as an ensemble ofclassifiers, etc.) to enable product identification.

Consistent with the present disclosure, the at least one processor maybe configured to receive at least one image depicting at least part ofat least one store shelf having a plurality of products of a same typedisplayed thereon. For example, image processing unit 130 may receiveraw or processed data from capturing device 125 via respectivecommunication links, and provide information to different systemcomponents using a network 150. In some embodiments, image processingunit 130 may receive data from an input device, such as, hard disks orCD ROM, or other forms of RAM or ROM, USB media, DVD, Blu-ray, or otheroptical drive media, or the like. For example, the data may include animage file (e.g., JPG, JPEG, JFIF, TIFF, PNG, BAT, BMG, or the like).

FIG. 13A is an exemplary image 1300 received by the system, consistentwith the present disclosure. Image 1300 illustrates multiple shelves1306 with many different types of product displayed thereon. A type ofproduct may refer to identical product items, such as, “Coca-Cola Zero330 ml,” “Pepsi 2 L,” “pretzels family size packet,” or the like. Insome aspects, a type of product may be a product category, such as,snacks, soft drinks, personal care products, foods, fruits, or the like.In some aspects, a type of product may include a product brand, such as,“Coca-Cola,” “Pepsi,” and the like. In some aspects, a type of productmay include products having similar visual characteristics, such as,“can,” “packet,” “bottle.” For example, a “can” type of product mayinclude “can of Coca-Cola Zero,” “can of Sprite,” “can of Pepsi,” andthe like. A “packet” type of product may include “packet of pretzels,”“packet of chips,” “packet of crackers”, and the like. Further, a“bottle” type of products may include “bottle of water,” “bottle ofsoda,” “bottle of Sprite,” etc. In some aspects, a type of product mayinclude products having the same content but not the same size. Forexample, a “Coca-Cola Zero” type of product may include “Coca-Cola Zero330 ml,” “Coca-Cola Zero 2 L,” “can of Coca-Cola Zero,” or the like. Forexample, in FIG. 13A, image 1300 illustrates three shelves 1306 witheight different types of products 1302, 1304, etc. displayed on shelves1306. After receiving the image, server 135 may be configured todistinguish the different types of products and determine that eightdifferent types of products are included in the image. Based on imageanalysis described above, server 135 may divide image 1300 into eightsegmentations, each including a type of products. Based on imageanalysis and the group of product models, server 135 may recognize theeight types of products, such as, “Soda 330 ml,” “Soda 2 L” “Cola 330ml,” “POP 2 L,” “POP 330 ml,” “pretzels,” “Cheesy Crackers,” and “BBQchips.” In some aspects, based on image analysis, server 135 may divideimage 1300 into three segmentations, each including a type of product,such as for example, “packages of snacks,” “cans of soft drinks,” and“bottles of soft drinks.”

FIG. 13B illustrates another exemplary image 1310 received by thesystem, consistent with the present disclosure. Image 1310 mayillustrate a portion of multiple shelves 1306 with one type of productdisplayed thereon. For example, as illustrated in FIG. 13B, an image1310 may depict a product of a same type displayed on a shelf 1306 or ona part of shelf 1306. After receiving the image, server 135 may identifyonly one type of product displayed on this portion of shelves 1306. Forexample, as illustrated in FIG. 13B, based on image analysis and thegroup of product models, sever 135 may recognize the type of product as“Cola 330 ml.”

Consistent with the present disclosure, the at least one processor maybe configured to analyze the received at least one image and determine afirst candidate type of the plurality of products based on the group ofproduct models and the image analysis. For example, image processingunit 130 may analyze an image to identify the product(s) in the image.Image processing unit 130 may use any suitable image analysis techniqueincluding, for example, object recognition, image segmentation, featureextraction, optical character recognition (OCR), object-based imageanalysis, shape region techniques, edge detection techniques,pixel-based detection, etc. In addition, image processing unit 130 mayuse classification algorithms to distinguish between the differentproducts in the retail store. In some embodiments, image processing unit130 may utilize suitably trained machine learning algorithms and modelsto perform the product identification. The algorithms may include linearregression, logistic regression, linear discriminant analysis,classification and regression trees, naïve Bayes, k-nearest neighbors,learning vector quantization, support vector machines, bagging andrandom forest, boosting and adaboost, artificial neural networks,convolutional neural networks, and/or deep learning algorithms, or thelike. In some embodiments, image processing unit 130 may identify theproduct in the image based at least on visual characteristics of theproduct (e.g., size, shape, logo, text, color, etc.).

In some embodiments, image processing unit 130 may include a machinelearning module that may be trained using supervised models. Supervisedmodels are a type of machine learning that provides a machine learningmodule with training data, which pairs input data with desired outputdata. The training data may provide a knowledge basis for futurejudgment. The machine learning module may be configured to receive setsof training data, which comprises data with a “product name” tag andoptionally data without a “product name” tag. For example, the trainingdata may include Coca-Cola Zero images with “Coca-Cola Zero” tags andother images without a tag. The machine learning module may learn toidentify “Coca-Cola Zero” by applying a learning algorithm to the set oftraining data. The machine learning module may be configured to receivesets of test data, which may be different from the training data and mayhave no tag or tags that may be used for measuring the accuracy of thealgorithm. The machine learning module may identify the test data thatcontains the type of product. For example, receiving sets of testimages, the machine learning module may identify the images withCoca-Cola Zero in them, and tag them as “Coca-Cola Zero.” This may allowthe machine learning developers to better understand the performance ofthe training, and thus make some adjustments accordingly.

In additional or alternative embodiments, the machine learning modulemay be trained using unsupervised models. Unsupervised models are a typeof machine learning using untampered data which are not labeled orselected. Applying algorithms, the machine learning module identifiescommonalities in the data. Based on the presence and the absence of thecommonalities, the machine learning module may categorize futurereceived data. The machine learning module may employ product models inidentifying visual characteristics associated with a type of product,such as those discussed above. For example, the machine learning modulemay identify commonalities from the product models of a specific type ofproduct. When a future received image has the commonalities, then themachine learning module may determine that the image contains thespecific type of product. For example, the machine learning module maylearn that images containing “Coca-Cola Zero” have some commonalities.When such commonalities are identified in a future received image, themachine learning module may determine that the future received imagecontains “Coca-Cola Zero.” Further, the machine learning module may beconfigured to store these commonalities in database 140. While thepresent disclosure provides examples of image processing algorithms, itshould be noted that aspects of the disclosure in their broadest sense,are not limited to the disclosed algorithms.

Consistent with the present disclosure, image processing unit 130 maydetermine a candidate type of product, based on the product models andthe image analysis. A candidate type of product may include a type ofproduct that image processing unit 130 suspects the image to be orcontains. For example, when image processing unit 130 determined that animage has some visual characteristics of “Head & Shoulders Shampoo,”such as, “signature curve bottle”, “Head & Shoulders logo”, “whitecontainer”, “blue cap,” etc., then image processing unit 130 maydetermine “Head & Shoulders Shampoo” to be a candidate type of product.

Consistent with the present disclosure, the at least one processor maybe configured to determine a first confidence level associated with thefirst candidate type of the plurality of products. The term “confidencelevel” refers to any indication, numeric or otherwise, of a level (e.g.,within a predetermined range) indicative of an amount of confidence thesystem has that the determined type of the product is the actual type ofthe product. For example, the confidence level may have a value between1 to 10. A confidence level may indicate how likely the product in theimage is the determined candidate type. In some embodiments, imageprocessing unit 130 may store the determined confidence level indatabase 140. A confidence level may be used, for example, to determinewhether the image processing unit 130 needs more information toascertain the determination of the type of product. In some embodiments,image processing unit 130 may utilize suitably trained machine learningalgorithms and models to perform the product identification, asdescribed above, and the machine learning algorithms and models mayoutput a confidence level together with the suggested product identity.In some embodiments, image processing unit 130 may utilize suitablyalgorithms and models to perform the product identification, asdescribed above, and the result may include a plurality of suggestedalternative product identities, where in some cases each suggestedidentity may be accompanied with a confidence level (for example,accompanied with a probability, and the probabilities of all thesuggested alternative product identities may sum to 1). In someembodiments, image processing unit 130 may comprise an algorithm todetermine a confidence level, based on the identified visualcharacteristics. For example, an image of the products is identified ashaving “white container,” image processing unit 130 may assign 5 pointsto the confidence level for “Head & Shoulders Shampoo” being thecandidate type of the products. An image of the products is identifiedas having “white container,” and “signature curve bottle,” imageprocessing unit 130 can assign 15 points to the confidence level for“Head & Shoulders Shampoo” being the candidate type of the products,that is, 5 points for having “white container,” and 10 points for having“signature curve bottle.” That said, different characteristics may beassigned different point values. For example, “signature curve bottle”may have greater point value than “white container.”

In some embodiments, image processing unit 130 may comprise an algorithmto determine a confidence level, based on a location of a product or ashelf in the retail store. For example, the shelf may be a part of (orthe product may be located in) an aisle or a part of the retail storededicated to a first category of products, and the confidence level maybe determined based, at least in part, on the compatibility of thesuggested product identity to the first category. For example, the firstcategory may be “Fresh Products”, and as a result a “Tomato” suggestedproduct identity may be assigned a high confidence level or a highnumber of points may be added to the confidence level based on thecompatibility to the first category, while a “Cleaning Product”suggested product identity may be assigned a low confidence level or alow (or negative) number of points may be added to the confidence levelbased on the incompatibility to the first category. In some embodiments,image processing unit 130 may comprise an algorithm to determine aconfidence level based, at least in part, on neighboring products. Forexample, the product may be located on a shelf between neighboringproducts that are assigned the same first suggested product identity,and when the product is assigned with a second suggested identity, theconfidence of the assignment of the second suggested identity may bebased, at least in part, on the compatibility of the second suggestedidentity to the first suggested identity, for example assigning highconfidence level or adding a high number of points to the confidencelevel in cases where the first suggested identity and the secondsuggested identity are identical, assigning a medium confidence level oradding a medium number of points to the confidence level in cases wherethe first suggested identity and the second suggested identity are of asame category or of the same brand, and assigning a low confidence levelor adding a low (or negative) number of points to the confidence levelin cases where the first suggested identity and the second suggestedidentity are incompatible.

The following exemplary algorithm illustrates how the characteristicscan be used to determine a confidence level for “Head & ShouldersShampoo” being the candidate type of the products:

1. If “white container” AND “blue cap” AND “Head & Shoulders logo” THENconfidence level=HIGH

2. If “word shampoo on the label” AND “white container” THEN confidencelevel=MEDIUM

3. If “white container” THEN confidence level=LOW

While the present disclosure provides examples of techniques andalgorithms for determining a confidence level, it should be noted thataspects of the disclosure in their broadest sense, are not limited tothe disclosed techniques and algorithms.

Consistent with the present disclosure, the at least one processor maybe configured to determine the first confidence level associated withthe first candidate type is above or below a confidence threshold. Forexample, image processing unit 130 may compare the first confidencelevel to a confidence threshold. The term “confidence threshold” as usedherein denotes a reference value, a level, a point, or a range ofvalues, for which, when the confidence level is above it (or below itdepending on a particular use case), the system may follow a firstcourse of action and, when the confidence level is under it (or above itdepending on a particular use case), the system may follow a secondcourse of action. The value of the threshold may be predetermined foreach type of product or may be dynamically selected based on differentconsiderations. In some implementations, the confidence threshold may beselected based on parameters such as a location in the retail store, alocation of the retail store, the product type, the product category,time (such as time in day, day in year, etc.), capturing parameters(such as type of camera, illumination conditions, etc.), and so forth.For example, a higher confidence threshold may be selected duringstocktaking periods. In another example, a higher confidence thresholdmay be selected for more profitable retail stores or more profitableportions of the retail store. In some examples, a combination of factorsmay be taken into account when selecting the confidence threshold. Forexample, assume the confidence threshold is x according to location andy according to time, some examples of the selected confidence level mayinclude average of x and y, the n-th root of the sum of the n-th powerof x and the n-th power of y, a sum or a multiplication of functions ofx and y, and so forth. When the confidence level associated with thefirst candidate type is below a confidence threshold, the at least oneprocessor may be configured to determine a second candidate type of theplurality products using contextual information. In some aspects, imageprocessing unit 130 may obtain contextual information to increase theconfidence level. For example, when the confidence level for “Head &Shoulders Shampoo” being the candidate type of the products is 15 and aconfidence threshold, 10, then image processing unit 130 may obtaincontextual information. For example, when the confidence level for “Head& Shoulders Shampoo” being the candidate type of the products is LOW anda confidence threshold, MEDIUM, then image processing unit 130 may alsoobtain contextual information. When the confidence level associated withthe first candidate type of product is above a confidence threshold, theat least one processor may store the images in the database 140. Theimages may be stored in the group of product models that are associatedwith the certain type of product. For example, when the products in theimages are determined to be “Coca-Cola Zero,” and the confidence levelis above the threshold, then image processing unit 130 may store theimages in the product models associated with “Coca-Cola Zero.” In someembodiments, image processing unit 130 may update the group of productmodels. Updating the group of product models may comprise deleting ordeactivating some data in one or more models of the group of productmodels. For example, image processing unit 130 may delete some images inthe product models, and/or store other replacement images. Updating thegroup of product models may comprise deleting or deactivating a productmodel from the group of product models, for example by removing theproduct model from the group, by marking the product model asdeactivated, by moving the product model from the group of productmodels to a repository of deactivated product models, and so forth.

The term “contextual information” refers to any information having adirect or indirect relationship with a product displayed on a storeshelf. In one embodiment, image processing unit 130 may receivecontextual information from capturing device 125 and/or a user device(e.g., a computing device, a laptop, a smartphone, a camera, a monitor,or the like). In some embodiments, image processing unit 130 mayretrieve different types of contextual information from captured imagedata and/or from other data sources. In some cases, contextualinformation may include recognized types of products adjacent to theproduct under examination. In other cases, contextual information mayinclude text appearing on the product, especially where that text may berecognized (e.g., via OCR) and associated with a particular meaning.Other examples of types of contextual information may include logosappearing on the product, a location of the product in the retail store,a brand name of the product, a price of the product, product informationcollected from multiple retail stores, product information retrievedfrom a catalog associated with a retail store, etc. While the presentdisclosure provides examples of contextual information, it should benoted that aspects of the disclosure in their broadest sense, are notlimited to the disclosed examples.

Consistent with the present disclosure, when the first confidence levelof the first candidate type is below the confidence threshold, the atleast one processor may be configured to provide a visual representationof the plurality of products to a user. The at least one processor mayalso be configured to receive input from the user indicating a type ofthe plurality of products. The at least one processor may also beconfigured to determine a second candidate type of the plurality ofproducts using the received input. This may increase the efficiency ofrecognizing new product or new package. This may also lower theinaccuracy while recognizing products in the images. For example, imageprocessing unit 130 may determine “Biore facial cleansing” to be thesecond candidate type of product, based on the identification from auser, after showing the image to the user. Server 135 may provide avisual representation on an output device, using I/O system 210 andperipherals interface 208. For example, server 135 may be configured todisplay the image to a user using I/O system 210. As described above,processing device 202 may be configured to send the image data to I/Osystem 210 using bus 200 and peripherals interface 208. And, outputdevice (e.g., a display screen) may receive the image data and displaythe image to a user. In some cases, server 135 may further provide alist of multiple alternative product types to select from. For example,in some cases image processing unit 130 may utilize suitably algorithmsand models to perform the product identification and the result mayinclude a plurality of suggested alternative product identities, wherein some cases each suggested identity may be accompanied with acorresponding confidence level, as described above. Server 135 mayselect the multiple alternative product types from the suggestedalternative product identities according to the corresponding confidencelevels, for example by selecting all product identities that correspondto a confidence level greater than a selected threshold, selecting theproduct identities that correspond to the highest percentile or highestnumber of confidence levels, and so forth.

Server 135 may receive input from a user using I/O interface system 210and peripherals interface 208. The user may send the input to server 135by interacting with input/output devices 224, such as, a keyboard,and/or a mouse. The input may include an indication of a type ofproduct, and such indication may be in the form of a selection of anoption from multiple alternative product types presented to the user, intext format, audio file, and/or other representation. In someembodiments, to receive input from users, server 135 may be configuredto interact with users using I/O interface system 210, touch screen 218,microphone 220, speaker 222 and/or other input/control devices 224.

Server 135 may recognize the indication of a type of product receivedfrom a user, for example by recognizing the selection made by the userfrom multiple alternative product types presented to the user, byrecognizing the text sent by the user, and/or by recognizing theindication in the audio file. For example, server 135 may access aspeech recognition module to convert the received audio file to textformat. Server 135 may also access a text recognition module torecognize the indication of a type of products in the text.

Consistent with the present disclosure, the at least one processor maybe configured to determine a second candidate type of the plurality ofproducts, using contextual information. In some aspects, consistent withthe present disclosure, the contextual information used to determine thesecond candidate type may include detected types of products adjacentthe plurality of products. For example, image processing unit 130 maydetermine the second candidate type to be “Coca-Cola Zero,” instead of“Head & Shoulders Shampoo,” at least because image processing unit 130recognizes other soft drinks that are displayed on the same shelves inthe image. Consistent with the present disclosure, the contextualinformation used to determine the second candidate type may include textpresented in proximity to the plurality of products. By way of anotherexample, image processing unit 130 may determine the second candidatetype to be “Coca-Cola Zero,” at least because the text “Cola” thatappears in the image (e.g. 1300 or 1310) can be recognized using OCR. Asanother example, image processing unit 130 may determine the secondcandidate type to be “Coca-Cola Zero,” at least because the text “Soda”in the image can be recognized using OCR, at least because the letters“Z” and “o” in the image can be recognized using OCR, and so forth.Consistent with the present disclosure, the contextual information usedto determine the second candidate type may include at least one logoappearing on the product. For example, image processing unit 130 maydetermine the second candidate type to be “Coca-Cola Zero,” instead of“Head & Shoulders Shampoo,” at least because the signature “Coca-Cola”logo on the products may be recognized. Consistent with the presentdisclosure, the contextual information used to determine the secondcandidate type may include a brand name of the plurality of products.For example, image processing unit 130 may determine the secondcandidate type to be “Coca-Cola Zero,” instead of “Head & ShouldersShampoo,” at least because brand name “Coca-Cola” in the image (e.g.1300) is recognized, because the shelf or the aisle is dedicated to“Coca-Cola” according to a store map, and so forth.

Consistent with the present disclosure, the contextual information usedto determine the second candidate type may include a location of theplurality of products in the store. For example, the locationinformation may include an indication of an area in a retail store(e.g., cleaning section, soft drink section, dairy product shelves,apparel section, etc.), an indication of the floor (e.g., 2nd floor), anaddress, a position coordinate, a coordinate of latitude and longitude,and/or an area on map, etc. By way of example, image processing unit 130may determine the second candidate type to be “Coca-Cola Zero,” insteadof “Head & Shoulders Shampoo,” at least because the indication of softdrink section is detected in the received location information.

Consistent with the present disclosure, the contextual information usedto determine the second candidate type may include a price associatedwith the plurality of products. In some embodiments, image processingunit 130 may recognize the price tag and/or barcode on the products inthe image. Based on the price tag and/or barcode, image processing unit130 may determine the second candidate type of product. For example,image processing unit 130 may recognize $8 on the price tag. Based onthe price information of “Coca-Cola Zero,” which may be in the range of$6-10, image processing unit 130 may determine the second candidate typeto be “Coca-Cola Zero,” instead of “Head & Shoulders Shampoo,” which mayhave a price range of $20-25. The price information may be entered by auser, collected from multiple retail stores, retrieved from catalogsassociated with a retail store, and/or retrieved from online informationusing the internet.

Consistent with the present disclosure, the contextual information usedto determine the second candidate type may include information frommultiple stores. Such information may include logos appearing on theproduct, a location of the product in the retail store, a brand name ofthe product, a price of the product, expiration time information,product nutrition information, and/or discount information, etc.Further, such information may be derived from products in more than onestore. The more than one stores used to derive the contextualinformation may be located in the same geographical area (city, county,state, etc.) or in different regions (different cities, counties,states, countries, etc.) For example, analyzing image data from multiplestores, the system may learn a high probability for a first product typeand a second product type to be placed in proximity to each other (forexample, on the same shelf, in the same aisle, etc.), and learn lowprobability for the first product type and a third product type to be inproximity to each other. Using this information learnt from multipleretail stores, the system may identify a product as being of the secondproduct type rather than the third product type when the item is inproximity to a product of the first product type. In another example,analyzing images from multiple stores in the same retail chain, thesystem may learn that a first product type in on sale and is accompaniedby a special promotion sign in the retail chain, while a second producttype is not on sale and is not accompanied by such sign. Using thisinformation learnt from other retail stores in the retail chain, thesystem identify an item in a retail store as being of the first producttype rather than the second product type when the item is in proximityto such special promotion sign when the retail store is part of theretail chain, while identifying the item as being of the second producttype when the retail store is not part of the retail chain. Consistentwith the present disclosure, the contextual information used todetermine the second candidate type may include information from acatalog of the retail store. A catalog as used in this disclosure mayrefer to a compilation of products and product information on printedmedial (e.g. booklet, pamphlet, magazine, newspaper), or a similarcompilation available electronically in the form of a text file, videofile, audio file, or any other type of digital file that may be used todisseminate product information about the retail store. As describedabove, such information may include logos appearing on the product, alocation of the product in the retail store, a brand name of theproduct, a price of the product, expiration time information, productnutrition information, and/or discount information, etc.

Consistent with the present disclosure, when the second candidate typeof the plurality of products is determined, the at least one processormay determine a second confidence level associated with the determinedsecond candidate type of plurality of products. For example, when animage of the products is identified as having “white container,” “bluecap,” “Biore logo,” and “$50 on the price tag,” then image processingunit 130 may use the one or more algorithms described above, and assign70 points to the second confidence level for “Biore facial cleansing”being the second candidate type of the products, that is, 5 points for“white container,” 5 points for “blue cap,” 50 points for “Biore logo,”and 10 points for “$50 on the price tag”. Consistent with the presentdisclosure, when the second confidence level associated with the secondcandidate type is above the confidence threshold, then the at least oneprocessor may initiate an action to update the group of product modelsstored in the database. For example, when the confidence levelassociated with the second candidate type of product may be determinedto be above the threshold, then image processing unit 130 may initiatean action to update the product models in database 140. Consistent withthe present disclosure, the at least one processor may be configured toselect the action to initiate, from among a plurality of availableactions, based on the determined confidence level of the secondcandidate type. Such actions may include providing notification tousers, providing image to the users, updating the group of productmodels, forgoing another action, etc. For example, image processing unit130 may send notification to the users when the confidence level isdetermined to be 3. For another example, image processing unit 130 mayupdate the group of product models when the determined confidence levelis determined to be 10. Consistent with the present disclosure, theaction to update the group of product models may include deactivating anexisting product model from group of product models, and a deactivationof the existing product model may be based on a detected a change in anappearance attribute of the plurality of products. For example, when aproduct has a new appearance, such as, new package, new color, festivalspecial package, new texture, and/or new logo, etc., image processingunit 130 may deactivate the old images or information stored in theproduct models. When a visual characteristic is determined to bedifferent from the characteristics stored in the product models, thenimage processing unit 130 may delete/deactivate the old image stored inthe product models. For example, a new Biore logo is identified, and/ora new color of lid is identified, then image processing unit 130 maydelete the old Biore logo images and/or deactivate the “blue lid”characteristic that are stored in the product models. Then imageprocessing unit 130 may store the new image in “Biore facial cleansing”product model. This may increase the number of images stored in theproduct models, that may help analyze future received images.

Consistent with the present disclosure, the action to update the groupof product models may include modifying an existing product model from agroup of product models, the modification to the existing product modelmay be based on a detected change in an appearance attribute of theplurality of products. For example, as described above, when a producthas a new appearance, image processing unit 130 may detect the changeand modify the old images or information stored in the product models.For example, when a new color of lid is identified for “Biore Shampoo,”then image processing unit 130 may modify the indication of the oldcolor of lid in the product model of “Biore Shampoo” to include the newcolor of lid. In another example, when the existing product modelcomprises parameters of an artificial neural network configured toidentify particular products, the modification to the existing productmodel may include a change to at least one of the parameters of theartificial neural network configured to identify particular products. Inyet another example, when the existing product model comprisesparameters of an image convolution function, the modification to theexisting product model may include a change to at least one of theparameters of the image convolution function. In another example, whenthe existing product model comprises support vectors that may be used bya Support Vector Machine to identify products, the modification to theexisting product model may include a removal of a support vector, anaddition of a new support vector, a modification to at least one of thesupport vectors, and so forth. In yet another example, when the existingproduct model comprises parameters of a machine learning model trainedby a machine learning algorithm using training examples to identifyproducts, the modification to the existing product model may include achange to at least one of the parameters of the machine learning model,for example using a continuous learning scheme, using a reinforcementalgorithm, and so forth. This may increase the accuracy in the productmodels, and may help analyze future received images.

Consistent with the present disclosure, the first candidate type and thesecond candidate type may be associated with the same type of productthat changed an appearance attribute, and the contextual informationused to determine the second candidate type may include an indicationthat the plurality of products are associated with a new appearanceattribute. For example, the image of the products may be identified ashaving “white container,” “blue cap,” “Head & Shoulders logo,” and “textAnti-Dandruff,” which are all visual characteristics for “Head &Shoulders Shampoo.” However, “signature curve bottle” characteristic maybe missing for the identified characteristics, resulting in a confidencelevel below the confidence threshold. Image processing unit 130 mayobtain contextual information to help determine a second candidate typeof product. Using OCR and other image analysis method described above,server 135 may identify “displayed in the personal product section,”“conditioner is displayed on the same shelf,” and “$15 on the pricetag,” which again may be all characteristics for “Head & ShouldersShampoo.” Image processing unit 130 may assign 105 points to theconfidence level for “Head & Shoulders Shampoo” being the candidate typeof the products, that is, 5 points for having “white container,” 5points for having “blue cap,” 50 points for “Head & Shoulders logo,” 30points for having “text Anti-Dandruff,” 5 points for having “displayedin the personal product section,” 5 points for having “conditioner isdisplayed on the same shelf,” and 5 points for having “$15 on the pricetag.” The confidence level of 105 points may be above the threshold, andimage processing unit 130 may store the received image to “Head &Shoulders Shampoo” product models. Continuing the example, based on themissing characteristics of “Head & Shoulders Shampoo,” such as,“signature curve bottle,” image processing unit 130 may generate anindication of “new package” and store the image with the indication inthe product models for “Head & Shoulders Shampoo.”

Consistent with the present disclosure, the action to update the groupof product models may include adding a new product model to the group ofproduct models, the new product model being representative of apreviously unidentified type of products. In some aspects, imageprocessing unit 130 may create a new product model and store thereceived image in the new product model. For example, a new product maybe launched, and no associated product model may be stored in database.Based on the identified characteristics, image processing unit 130 maydetermine “new product” as a candidate type of product. Thus, imageprocessing unit 130 may create a new product model accordingly and storethe received image in the new product model. For example, “Head &Shoulders Body Wash” may be the new product that launches in the retailstore, and there may be no product model associated with it. Imageprocessing unit 130 may identify “Head & Shoulders logo,” “text BodyWash,” and “blue container,” which may not match any products that arestored in the product models, and thus, image processing unit 130 cannotrecognize “Head & Shoulders Body Wash.” However, based on the contextualinformation, image processing unit 130 may determine the “Head &Shoulders Body Wash” to be the candidate type, and may further determinethat the confidence level is above the threshold. Then, image processingunit 130 may create a product model in database 140 to store the imageand the characteristics for “Head & Shoulders Body Wash.” In someaspects, image processing unit 130 may create a new product model andstore the received image in the new product model. For example, a newproduct may be launched, and no associated product model may be storedin database. Based on the identified characteristics, sever 135 maydetermine “new product” as a candidate type of products. Thus, sever 135may create a new product model accordingly and store the received imagein the new product model. In some aspects, based on the contextualinformation, image processing unit 130 may determine the “Head &Shoulders Body Wash” to be the second candidate type, and further thatthe second confidence level may be above the threshold. Then, imageprocessing unit 130 may create a “Head & Shoulders Body Wash” productmodel in database 140 to store the image and the characteristics.Additionally or alternatively, image processing unit 130 may find aproduct model corresponding to the second candidate type (for example,“Head & Shoulders Body Wash”) in a repository of additional productmodels (for example, repository of product models from other retailstores, repository of deactivated product models, external repository ofproduct models provided by supplier 115, and so forth), and add thefound product model to the group of product models in database 140.

Consistent with the present disclosure, the action to update the groupof product models may include replacing an existing product model fromthe group of product models with at least one new product model, and theexisting product model and the new product model may be associated witha same product type. For example, as described above, when a product hasa new appearance, image processing unit 130 may create a new productmodel to store the change. For example, an Olympic Game logo may appearon a soft drink bottle, during the Olympic game. Image processing unit130 may detect the change and create a new product model to store theimages or information of the new bottle with the Olympic logo.Additionally or alternatively, image processing unit 130 may deactivatean existing product model that do not account for the Olympic Game logo.In a further example, after the Olympic Games are over, image processingunit 130 may reactivate the previously deactivated product model, forexample in response to a detection of soft drink bottles without theOlympic Game logo, in response to an indication (for example in the formof a digital signal, from a calendar, etc.) that the Olympic Games areover.

Consistent with the present disclosure, a computer program product forprocessing images captured in a retail store embodied in anon-transitory computer-readable medium and executable by at least oneprocessor is disclosed. The computer program product may includeinstructions for causing the at least one processor to execute a methodfor processing images captured in a retail store, in accordance with thepresent disclosure. For example, the computer program product may beembodied in a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium, such as,a physical memory, examples of which were described above. Further, thestorage medium may include instructions executable by one of moreprocessors of the type discussed above. Execution of the instructionsmay cause the one or more processors to perform a method of processingimages captured in a retail store.

FIG. 14 is a flow chart, illustrating an exemplary method 1400 forprocessing images captured in a retail store, in accordance with thepresent disclosure. The order and arrangement of steps in method 1400 isprovided for purposes of illustration. As will be appreciated from thisdisclosure, modifications may be made to process 1400 by, for example,adding, combining, removing, and/or rearranging one or more steps ofprocess 1400.

In step 1401, consistent with the present disclosure, the method mayinclude accessing a database storing a group of product models, eachrelating to at least one product in the retail store. For example,server 135 may be configured to access database 140 directly or vianetwork 150. For example, “Coca-Cola Zero” product model may include thevisual characteristics of “Coca-Cola Zero,” such as, “black package,”“black lid,” “signature Coca-Cola logo,” text “Zero Calorie,” text “ZeroSugar,” and “Coca-Cola's iconic bottle,” etc. Such visualcharacteristics may be stored as images, text, or any other sourceserver 135 may recognize. “Coca-Cola Zero” product model may alsoinclude contextual information, such as, “price range of $5-$10”,“displayed in soft drink section,” “Soda may be displayed on the sameshelve,” “displayed on bottom of the shelves,” and/or “stored in afridge,” etc. In another example, “Head & Shoulders Shampoo” may includethe visual characteristics of “Head & Shoulders Shampoo,” for example,“signature curve bottle”, “Head & Shoulders logo”, “white container”,“blue cap,” text “Anti-Dandruff,” etc. “Head & Shoulders Shampoo”product model may also include contextual information, such as, “pricerange of $15-$20”, “displayed in personal product section,” “conditionermay be displayed on the same shelve,” “displayed on top of the shelves,”and/or “stored on the second floor,” etc.

In step 1403, consistent with the present disclosure, the method mayinclude receiving at least one image depicting at least part of at leastone store shelf having a plurality of products of a same type displayedthereon. For example, server 135 may receive one or more image. Theimage may depict a shelf with products in a retail store. For example,as described in FIG. 13A, image 1300 may depict products 1302, 1304,etc. displaying on one or more shelves 1306, and in FIG. 13B, image 1310may depict a type of product displayed on a shelf 1306 or a part of ashelf 1306.

In step 1405, consistent with the present disclosure, the method mayinclude analyzing the at least one image and determining a firstcandidate type of the plurality of products based on the group ofproduct models and the image analysis. For example, server 135 mayanalyze the image and determine a candidate type of product. Forexample, if the image in FIG. 13A is analyzed, server 135 maydistinguish eight different types of products, using classificationalgorithms. If the image in FIG. 13B is analyzed, server 135 mayidentify a specific type of product. In some embodiments, server 135 mayutilize suitably trained machine learning algorithms and models toperform the product identification, as described above. In someembodiments, server 135 may identify the product in the image based atleast on visual characteristics of the product. Based on the identifiedvisual characteristics, server 135 may determine a candidate type ofproduct. A candidate type of product is a type of product that server135 suspects the image to be or contains. For example, when server 135identifies some visual characteristics of “Head & Shoulders Shampoo” inthe image, such as, “signature curve bottle”, “Head & Shoulders logo”,“white container”, “blue cap,” etc., then server 135 may determine “Head& Shoulders Shampoo” to be a candidate type of product.

In step 1407, consistent with the present disclosure, the method mayinclude determining a first confidence level associated with thedetermined first candidate type of the plurality of products. Forexample, server 135 may determine a confidence level associated with thecandidate type of the product. In some embodiments, server 135 maystore/retrieve the confidence level in database 140. A confidence levelmay be used, for example, to determine whether server 135 need moreinformation to ascertain the determination of the type of product and/orwhether the machine learning module need more training data to be ableto perform product identification. In some embodiments, sever 135 mayaccess an algorithm to determine a confidence level, based on theidentified visual characteristics.

In step 1409, consistent with the present disclosure, the method mayinclude determining the first confidence level is above or below theconfidence threshold. After a confidence level is determined, server 135may compare the confidence level to a confidence threshold. The value ofthe threshold may be predetermined for each type of product or may bedynamically selected based on different considerations.

In step 1411, when the first confidence level associated with the firstcandidate type is above a confidence threshold, the method may includestoring the image. For example, server 135 may store the image in theproduct models associated with the specific type of product in database140. For example, when server 135 determines a confidence level of 15for “Head & Shoulders Shampoo” being the candidate type of the products,and the confidence threshold is set to be 10, then server 135 may storethe image in the “Head & Shoulders Shampoo” product models. This mayincrease the number of images stored in the product models, that mayhelp analyze future received images. Additionally or alternatively tostep 1411, when the first confidence level associated with the firstcandidate type is above a confidence threshold, the method may includeactions that uses as input the information about the identification ofthe first candidate type in the image, such as planogram compliancecheck, update of store inventory information, and so forth.

In step 1413, when the first confidence level associated with the firstcandidate type is below a confidence threshold, the method may includedetermining a second candidate type of the plurality of products usingcontextual information. For example, only “white container” and “bluecap” are identified in the image, resulting in a low confidence levelfor determining “Head & Shoulders Shampoo” to be the candidate type ofthe products. The confidence level is below the confidence threshold,sever 135 may obtain contextual information to help determine a secondcandidate type of product. Using OCR and other image analysis methoddescribed above, server 135 identifies “Biore logo,” and “$50 on theprice tag,” which are not the characteristics for “Head & ShouldersShampoo” but rather “Biore facial cleansing.” Based on the identifiedvisual characteristics and characteristics using contextual information,server 135 may determine “Biore facial cleansing” to be the candidatetype of product. As described above, consistent with the presentdisclosure, the contextual information used to determine secondcandidate type includes at least one of: text presented in proximity tothe plurality of products, a location of the plurality of products inthe store, a brand name of the plurality of products, a price associatedwith the plurality of products, at least one logo appearing on theproduct, information from multiple stores, and information from acatalog of the retail store.

In additional or alternative embodiments, when the confidence levelassociated with a certain product is below a threshold, server 135 maydetermine a second candidate type of products, based on the input from auser. This may increase the efficiency of recognizing new product or newpackage using the image processing unit 130. This may also lower theinaccuracy while recognizing products in the images. For example, server135 may determine “Biore facial cleansing” to be the candidate type ofproduct, based on the identification from a user, after showing theimage to the user. Server 135 may provide a visual representation on anoutput device, using I/O system 210 and peripherals interface 208. Forexample, server 135 may be configured to display the image to a userusing I/O system 210. As described above, processing device 202 may beconfigured to send the image data to I/O system 210 using bus 200 andperipherals interface 208. And, output device (e.g., a display screen)may receive the image data and display the image to a user.

Server 135 may receive input from a user using I/O interface system 210and peripherals interface 208. The user may send the input to server 135by interacting with input/output devices 224, such as, a keyboard,and/or a mouse. The input may include an indication of a type ofproduct, and such indication may be in text format, audio file, and/orother representation. In some embodiments, to receive input from users,server 135 may be configured to interact with users using I/O interfacesystem 210, touch screen 218, microphone 220, speaker 222 and/or otherinput/control devices 224.

Server 135 may recognize the indication of a type of product receivedfrom a user, by recognizing the text sent by the user, and/or byrecognizing the indication in the audio file. For example, server 135may access a speech recognition module to convert the received audiofile to text format. Server 135 may also access a text recognitionmodule to recognize the indication of a type of products in the text.

In step 1415, consistent with the present disclosure, the method mayinclude determining a second confidence level associated with thedetermined second candidate type of the plurality of products. Forexample, server 135 may determine a confidence level for the secondcandidate type of product. Server 135 may compare the confidence levelwith a confidence threshold, as described above. In another aspect, thesecond candidate type of product may be the same as the first candidatetype of product. For example, the image of the products is identified ashaving “white container,” “blue cap,” “Head & Shoulders logo,” and “textAnti-Dandruff,” which are all visual characteristics for “Head &Shoulders Shampoo.” However, “signature curve bottle” characteristic maybe missing for the identified characteristics, and thus, resulting in aconfidence level below the confidence threshold. Server 135 may obtaincontextual information to help determine a second candidate type ofproduct. Using OCR and other image analysis method described above,server 135 identifies “displayed in the personal product section,”“conditioner is displayed on the same shelf,” and “$15 on the pricetag,” which again are all characteristics for “Head & ShouldersShampoo.” Server 135 can assign 105 points to the confidence level for“Head & Shoulders Shampoo” being the candidate type of the products,that is, 5 points for having “white container,” 5 points for having“blue cap,” 50 points for “Head & Shoulders logo,” 30 points for having“text Anti-Dandruff,” 5 points for having “displayed in the personalproduct section,” 5 points for having “conditioner is displayed on thesame shelf,” and 5 points for having “$15 on the price tag.” Theconfidence level of 105 points may be above the threshold, and server135 may store the received image to “Head & Shoulders Shampoo” productmodels. Continuing the example, based on the missing characteristics of“Head & Shoulders Shampoo,” such as, “signature curve bottle,” server135 may generate an indication of new package and store the image withthe indication in the product models for “Head & Shoulders Shampoo.”

In step 1417, consistent with the present disclosure, the method mayinclude determining the second confidence level is above or below theconfidence threshold. As described above, server 135 may compare theconfidence level to a confidence threshold. The value of the thresholdmay be predetermined for each type of product or may be dynamicallyselected based on different considerations.

In step 1419, consistent with the present disclosure, when the secondcandidate level associated with the second candidate type is above theconfidence threshold, the method may include initiating an action toupdate the group of product models. For example, when the confidencelevel for the second candidate type of product is above the threshold,then server 135 may initiate an action to update the product models indatabase 140. Consistent with the present disclosure, the method mayinclude determining one or more actions to initiate to update the groupof product models based on the determined certainty level of the secondcandidate type. The one or more actions may include at least one of:adding a new product model to the group of product models; replacing anexisting product model from the group of product models with at leastone new product model; and/or modifying a product model of the group ofproduct models; and deactivating a product model from the group of theplurality of product models. For example, updating the group of productmodels may comprise deleting or deactivating some data in the models. Insome aspects, server 135 may delete some images in the product models,and store the received images for replacement. For example, when aproduct has a new appearance, such as, new package, new color, festivalspecial package, new texture, and/or new logo, etc., server 135 maydeactivate the old images stored in the product models, and store thenew image accordingly. As described above, server 135 may create a newproduct model and store the received image in the new product model. Forexample, based on the contextual information, server 135 may determinethe “Head & Shoulders Body Wash” to be the second candidate type, andthe confidence level associated with it is above the threshold. Then,server 135 may create a product model in database 140 to store the imagefor “Head & Shoulders Body Wash.”

In step 1421, when the second confidence level associated with thesecond candidate type is below the confidence threshold, the method mayinclude repeating steps 1413-1421. For example, when the confidencelevel for the second candidate type of product is below the threshold,then server 135 may initiate an action to repeat steps 1413-1421 andstore the image in the database 140. In some embodiments, server 135 maycreate a new product model and store the received image in the newproduct model. For example, when the products in the image cannot berecognized, server 135 may create a product model labeled as “unknown,”and store the unrecognizable images in the “unknown” product model. Insome embodiments, server 135 may obtain more information to recognizethe products, and determine another candidate type and repeat theprocess described above. Additionally or alternatively to Step 1421,when the second confidence level associated with the second candidatetype is below the confidence threshold, the method may include otheractions, such as providing information to a user, receiving manual inputabout the type of the product in the image, and so forth.

The present disclosure relates to systems and methods for identifyingproducts in a retail store based on analysis of captured images. System1200, illustrated in FIG. 12, is one example of a system for identifyingproducts in a retail store based on analysis of captured images, inaccordance with the present disclosure.

In accordance with the present disclosure, a system for identifyingproducts in a retail store based on analysis of captured images isdisclosed. FIG. 12 illustrates an exemplary system 1200 for identifyingproducts in a retail store. System 1200 may include an image processingunit 130. Image processing unit 130 may include a server 135 operativelyconnected to a database 140. It is also contemplated that imageprocessing unit 130 may include one or more servers connected by network150. Consistent with the present disclosure, server 135 may beconfigured to access database 140 directly or via network 150. Sever 135may be configured to store/retrieve data stored in database 140. Asdiscussed above, server 135 may include processing device 202, which mayinclude at least one processor. While the present disclosure providesexamples of servers, databases, networks, processors, etc., it should benoted that aspects of the disclosure in their broadest sense, are notlimited to the disclosed examples.

Consistent with the present disclosure, the at least one processor maybe configured to access a database storing a set of product modelsrelating to a plurality of products. For example, server 135 may beconfigured to store/retrieve a set or group of product models indatabase 140. At least one processor associated with server 135 may beable to access, read, or retrieve information including one or moreproduct models from, for example, database 140. While the presentdisclosure provides examples of product models, it should be noted thataspects of the disclosure in their broadest sense, are not limited tothe disclosed examples.

Consistent with the present disclosure, the at least one processor maybe configured to receive at least one image depicting at least one storeshelf and at least one product displayed thereon. For example, imageprocessing unit 130 may receive raw or processed data from capturingdevice 125 as described above.

Consistent with the present disclosure, image processing unit 130 mayanalyze an image to identify the shelves in the image. For example,image processing unit 130 may identify the shelf for soft drinks, theshelf for cleaning products, the shelf for personal products, and/or theshelf for books, or the like. Image processing unit 130 may use anysuitable image analysis technique including, for example, objectrecognition, image segmentation, feature extraction, optical characterrecognition (OCR), object-based image analysis, shape region techniques,edge detection techniques, pixel-based detection, etc. In someimplementation, identifying the shelves in the image may compriseidentifying characteristic(s) of the shelf based on image analysis. Suchcharacteristics may include the visual characteristics of the shelf(e.g., length, width, depth, color, shape, lighting on the self, thenumber of partitions of a shelf, number of layers, and/or whether aglass door is in front of the self, etc.). Such characteristics may alsoinclude the location of a shelf (e.g., position within the store, heightof shelf in a shelves unit, and so forth). For example, the location ofthe shelf may be used together with a store map or a store plan toidentify the shelf. In another example, the shelf location in an aisleor an area dedicated to a specific product category (as determined, forexample, by analyzing images of the aisle or the area, from a store map,and so forth) may be used to determine the identity of the type of theshelf. In some implementations, identifying the shelves in the image maybe based, at least in part, on labels related to the shelves (forexample, labels attached or positioned next to the shelves). Forexample, a label related a shelf may include text, barcode, logo, brandname, price, or the like, identifying a product type and/or a categoryof products, and the identification of the shelf may be based on producttype and/or a category of products identified by analyzing images of thelabel. In some implementations, identifying the shelves in the image maybe based, at least in part, on products positioned on the shelves. Forexample, the type of at least some products positioned on the shelf maybe determined, for example by analyzing images of the products and/or byanalyzing input from sensors positioned on the shelf as described above,and the type of shelf may be determined based on the determined types ofthe products positioned on the shelf. While the present disclosureprovides exemplary characteristics of a shelf, it should be noted thataspects of the disclosure in their broadest sense, are not limited tothe disclosed characteristics.

Consistent with the present disclosure, the at least one processor maybe configured to select the product model subset based on acharacteristic of the at least one store shelf, wherein thecharacteristic may include a location of the at least one store shelf inthe store. For example, the shelf may be located on the “second floor,”or in the “fourth aisle,” etc. By way of another example, the shelf maybe located in a section designated the “cleaning section” because thatsection may be used to store, for example, cleaning supplies. In someaspects, image processing unit 130 may identify the location informationby recognizing the text on a sign or a promotion material depicted inthe image. In some aspects, such characteristics may also includeinformation of the products displayed on the shelf (e.g., the price ofthe products, the names of the products, the type of the products, thebrand name of the products, and/or the section in the retail store,etc.). In some aspects, such characteristics may also include a type ofshelf. Some examples of such types of shelves may include shelf in arefrigerator, wall shelf, end bay, corner bay, pegboard shelf,freestanding shelf, display rack, magazine shelf, stacking wire baskets,dump bins, warehouse shelf, and so forth.

Consistent with the present disclosure, image processing unit 130 mayidentify the shelf, based on the identified characteristic of the shelf.For example, when image processing unit 130 identifies that the shelf inthe image has some characteristics, such as, “80 inches length”, “4layers,” “average price of $20 on the price tag,” “white shelf”, “yellowprice tags,” etc., image processing unit 130 may determine the shelf inthe image is for soft drinks. As another example, when image processingunit 130 identifies a banner on the shelf in the image that shows“Snacks Section,” using, for example, OCR, image processing unit 130 maydetermine the shelf in the image is for snacks, such as, BBQ chips,cheesy crackers, and/or pretzels, or the like. By way of anotherexample, when image processing unit 130 identifies that the shelf in theimage has “a glass door in the front,” image processing unit 130 maydetermine the shelf in the image is in a refrigerator and/or imageprocessing unit 130 may further determine the shelf in the image is fordairy products. As another example, when image processing unit 130recognizes a product (e.g., Coca-Cola Zero) on the shelve in the image,image processing unit 130 may determine the shelf is for similarproducts (e.g., Sprite, Fanta, and/or other soft drinks). While thepresent disclosure provides exemplary methods of identifyingcharacteristics of a store shelf, it should be noted that aspects of thedisclosure in their broadest sense, are not limited to the disclosedmethods.

Consistent with the present disclosure, the at least one processor maybe configured to select a product model subset from among the set ofproduct models based on at least one characteristic of the at least onestore shelf determined based on analysis of the received at least oneimage, wherein a number of product models included in the product modelsubset is less than a number of product models included in the set ofproduct models. For example, image processing unit 130 may select asubset of product models from the set of product models stored indatabase 140. The set of product models may include the subset ofproduct models. For example, the set of product models may include “N”number of product models. Image processing unit 130 may select a subsetcontaining “M” number of product models from the set of product models.It is contemplated that the numerical value of M is smaller than thenumerical value of N. In some implementations, a score function may beused to score the compatibility of product models to the at least oneshelf, and the subset of the set of product models may be selected basedon the compatibility scores of the product models. Some examples ofinputs that may be used by such compatibility score may include the atleast one characteristic of the at least one store shelf, type ofproduct, category of product, brand of product, size of product,information related to the retail store that the shelf is located at,and so forth. For example, the M product models corresponding to thehighest compatibility scores may be selected. In another example, allproduct models corresponding to compatibility score higher than aselected threshold may be selected. In some implementations, a subset ofproduct models may be selected from a plurality of alternative subsetsaccording to the at least one characteristic of the at least one storeshelf, information related to the retail store that the shelf is locatedat, and so forth.

By way of example, image processing unit 130 may select a subset ofproduct models based on the identified characteristic(s) of the shelf inthe image. For example, image processing unit 130 may determine theshelf in the image is for dairy products based on the identifiedcharacteristics, such as, “a glass door in front of the shelf,” and/or“text Dairy Product Section.” As a result, image processing unit 130 mayselect a subset of product models that are associated with dairyproducts, such as, the product models for “milk,” “butter,” and/or“cheese.” When the shelf in the image is identified to have thecharacteristics of, for example, soft drink section, image processingunit 130 may select a subset of product models that are associated withsoft drinks from the set of product models in database 140.

Consistent with the present disclosure, the at least one processor maybe configured to select the product model subset based on acharacteristic of the at least one store shelf, wherein thecharacteristic is related to the position of the at least one storeshelf, such as height of the at least one store shelf, position of theat least one store shelf within the retail store, and so forth. In someexamples, a first subset of product models may be selected for a shelfpositioned at a first height, while a second subset of product modelsmay be selected for a shelf positioned at a second height. For example,the first height may include the lowest shelf in a shelving unit and thefirst subset may include product models of products targeting children,while the second height may include shelves positioned at least athreshold height above ground (for example, half meter, one meter,etc.), and the second subset may include product models of productstargeting adult shoppers. In another example, a first subset of productmodels may be selected for a shelf located at a first area of the retailstore, while a second subset of product models may be selected for ashelf located at a second area of the retail store. For example, thefirst area of the store may correspond to cleaning products (such as acleaning product aisle) and the first subset may include product modelsof cleaning products, while the second area of the store may correspondto beverages (such as beverages aisle) and the second subset may includeproduct models of beverages.

Consistent with the present disclosure, the at least one processor maybe configured to select the product model subset based on a retail storethat the at least one store shelf is located at. For example, theproduct model subset may be selected based on the identity of the store,based on information associated with the retail store (such as the storemaster file, planograms associated with the store, checkout data fromthe store, contracts associated with the retail store, etc.), on aretail chain associated with the retail store, on a type of the retailstore, and so forth. In some examples, a first subset of product modelsmay be selected for a shelf located at a first retail store, while asecond subset of product models may be selected for a similar oridentical shelf located at a second retail store. For example, the firstretail store may work with a first supplier of beverages while thesecond retail store may work with a second supplier of beverages, and asubset of product models corresponding to beverages offered by the firstsupplier may be selected for a beverages shelf located in the firstretail store, while a subset of product models corresponding tobeverages offered by the second supplier may be selected for a beveragesshelf located in the second retail store.

Consistent with the present disclosure, the at least one processor maybe configured to select the product model subset based on acharacteristic of the at least one store shelf, wherein thecharacteristic is at least one of an expected product type and apreviously identified product type associated with the at least onestore shelf. For example, when the shelf in the image is determined tobe for displaying soft drinks (for example according to a planogram, toa store map, etc.), image processing unit 130 may select the productmodels that contains the expected product types, such as, “Coca-ColaZero,” “Sprite,” and “Fanta,” etc., to be included in the subset ofproduct models. In another example, when products of a specific typeand/or category and/or brand were previously detected on the at leastone shelf, image processing unit 130 may select the product modelscorresponding to specific type and/or category and/or brand. In someaspects, image processing unit 130 may determine the shelf in the imageto be identical or similar to a known shelf. Image processing unit 130may select the product models that associated with the types of productsdisplayed on the known shelf. For example, when the shelf in the imageis determined to be identical or similar to another known shelf whichwas previously recognized as displaying product types, such as,“Coca-Cola Zero,” and “Sprite,” image processing unit 130 may include“Coca-Cola Zero” product model and “Sprite” product model in the subsetof product models. In some examples, the location of a shelf (forexample, the location of the shelf within the store, the height of theshelf) may be used to determine expected product types associated withthe shelf (for example, using a store map or a database, using aplanogram selected according to the location of the shelf, and soforth), the product model subset may be selected to include productmodels corresponding to the expected product types.

Consistent with the present disclosure, the at least one processor maybe configured to select the product model subset based on acharacteristic of the at least one store shelf, wherein thecharacteristic is a recognized product type of an additional product onthe at least one store shelf adjacent the at least one product. Forexample, image processing unit 130 may update and/or select the subsetof product models, based on a recognized product type that is adjacentto the at least one product on the shelf in the image. For example, when“Fanta” is recognized on the shelf in the image, image processing unit130 may select the subset of product models to include product modelsfor other soft drinks or sodas. For example, image processing unit 130may include product models for “Sprite” and “Coca-Cola” in the subset ofproduct models.

Consistent with the present disclosure, the at least one processor maybe configured to determine whether the selected product model subset isapplicable to the at least one product. For example, image processingunit 130 may determine whether the subset of product models isapplicable to the at least one product in the image. For example, theselected product model subset may be used to attempt to identify the atleast one product, and in response to a failure to identify the at leastone product using the selected product model subset, it may bedetermined that the selected product model subset is not applicable tothe at least one product, while in response to a successfulidentification of the at least one product using the selected productmodel subset, it may be determined that the selected product modelsubset is applicable to the at least one product. For example, theattempt to identify the at least one product using the selected productmodel subset may comprise using a product recognition algorithmconfigured to provide a success or failure indication. In anotherexample, the attempt to identify the at least one product using theselected product model subset may comprise using a product recognitionalgorithm configured to provide product type together with a confidencelevel, the attempt may be considered a failure when the confidence levelis below a selected threshold, and the attempt may be consideredsuccessful when the confidence level is above a selected threshold. Forexample, the selected threshold may be selected based on confidencelevels of other products in the retail store (for example, ofneighboring products), for example setting the selected threshold to bea function of the confidence levels of the other products. Some examplesof such function may include an average, a median, a mode, a minimum, aminimum plus a selected positive constant value, and so forth. In someexamples, image processing unit 130 may identify or attempt to identifya type of the at least one product, for example by determining acharacteristic of the at least one product and/or a characteristic ofthe store shelf on which the product is displayed, for example using oneor more techniques discussed above. For example, image processing unit130 may determine that a store shelf is associated with displayingcarbonated drinks. Image processing unit 130 may further determinewhether the selected subset of product models is applicable tocarbonated drinks. For example, if the selected subset of modelsincludes product models for carbonated drinks, image processing unit 130may determine that the selected subset of models is applicable to the atleast one product on the store shelf. Conversely, when the selectedsubset of product models does not correspond to, for example, acharacteristic of the store shelf, image processing unit 130 maydetermine that the selected subset of product models is not applicableto the at least one product in the image. It is contemplated that imageprocessing unit 130 may compare the selected subset of models with oneor more characteristics of the store shelf and/or one or morecharacteristics of the at least one product. Image processing unit 130may determine the one or more characteristics using product recognitiontechniques, image analysis, shape or pattern recognition, textrecognition based on labels attached to or adjacent to the store shelfor the at least one product, etc. While the present disclosure providesexemplary methods of determining applicability of product models to aproduct, it should be noted that aspects of the disclosure in theirbroadest sense, are not limited to the disclosed methods.

Consistent with the present disclosure, when the at least one processordetermines that the selected product model subset is applicable to theat least one product, the at least one processor may be configured toanalyze a representation of the at least one product depicted in the atleast one image using the product model subset, and identify the atleast one product based on the analysis of the representation of the atleast one product depicted in the at least one image using the productmodel subset. For example, when image processing unit 130 determines theselected subset of product models is applicable to the at least oneproduct in the image, then image processing unit 130 may analyze theimage and identify the type of product in the image, using the selectedsubset of product models. Image processing unit 130 may use any suitableimage analysis technique including, for example, object recognition,image segmentation, feature extraction, optical character recognition(OCR), object-based image analysis, shape region techniques, edgedetection techniques, pixel-based detection, object recognitionalgorithms, machine learning algorithms, artificial neural networks,etc. In addition, image processing unit 130 may use classificationalgorithms to distinguish between the different products in the retailstore. The subset of product models may include visual characteristicsof the products and contextual information associated with the products.Image processing unit 130 may identify the product in the image based atleast on visual characteristics of the product (e.g., size, texture,shape, logo, text, color, etc.). To identify the product, imageprocessing unit 130 may also use contextual information of the product(e.g., the brand name, the price, text appearing on the particularproduct, the shelf associated with the particular product, adjacentproducts in a planogram, the location within the retail store, or thelike.).

Additionally and alternatively, image processing unit 130 may include amachine learning module that may be trained using supervised models.Supervised models are a type of machine learning that provides a machinelearning module with training data, which pairs input data with desiredoutput data. The training data may provide a knowledge basis for futurejudgment. The machine learning module may be configured to receive setsof training data, which comprises data with a “product name” tag anddata without a “product name” tag. For example, the training datacomprises Coca-Cola Zero images with “Coca-Cola Zero” tags and otherimages without a tag. The machine learning module may learn to identify“Coca-Cola Zero” by applying a learning algorithm to the set of trainingdata. The machine learning module may be configured to receive sets oftest data, which are different from the training data and may have notag. The machine learning module may identify the test data thatcontains the type of product. For example, receiving sets of testimages, the machine learning module may identify the images withCoca-Cola Zero in them, and tag them as “Coca-Cola Zero.” This may allowthe machine learning developers to better understand the performance ofthe training, and thus make some adjustments accordingly.

In additional or alternative embodiments, the machine learning modulemay be trained using unsupervised models. Unsupervised models are a typeof machine learning using data which are not labelled or selected.Applying algorithms, the machine learning module identifiescommonalities in the data. Based on the presence and the absence of thecommonalities, the machine learning module may categorize futurereceived data. The machine learning module may employ product models inidentifying visual characteristics associated with a type of product,such as those discussed above. For example, the machine learning modulemay identify commonalities from the product models of a specific type ofproduct. When a future received image has the commonalities, then themachine learning module may determine that the image contains thespecific type of product. For example, the machine learning module maylearn that images contain “Coca-Cola Zero” have some commonalities. Whensuch commonalities are identified in a future received image, themachine learning module may determine the image contains “Coca-ColaZero.” Further, the machine learning module may be configured to storethese commonalities in database 140. Some examples of machine algorithms(supervised and unsupervised) may include linear regression, logisticregression, linear discriminant analysis, classification and regressiontrees, naïve Bayes, k-nearest neighbors, learning vector quantization,support vector machines, bagging and random forest, and/or boosting andadaboost, artificial neural networks, convolutional neural networks, orthe like. While the present disclosure provides exemplary methods ofmachine learning, it should be noted that aspects of the disclosure intheir broadest sense, are not limited to the disclosed methods.

Consistent with the present disclosure, image processing unit 130 maydetermine a type of product in the image, based on the subset of productmodels and the image analysis. A type of product is a type of productthat image processing unit 130 suspects the image to be or contains. Forexample, by using the subset of product models, when image processingunit 130 determined that an image has some visual characteristics of“Head & Shoulders Shampoo,” such as, “signature curve bottle”, “Head &Shoulders logo”, “white container”, “blue cap,” etc., then imageprocessing unit 130 may determine “Head & Shoulders Shampoo” to be thetype of product in the image.

Consistent with the present disclosure, image processing unit 130 maydetermine a confidence level associated with the identified product,based on the identified characteristics, for example as described above.

Consistent with the present disclosure, after a confidence level isdetermined, image processing unit 130 may compare the confidence levelto a confidence threshold. The value of the threshold may bepredetermined for each type of product or may be dynamically selectedbased on different considerations. When the confidence level isdetermined to be above the confidence threshold, then image processingunit 130 may determine that the selected subset of product model isapplicable to the product in the image.

Consistent with the present disclosure, when the at least one processordetermines that the selected product model subset is not applicable tothe at least one product, the at least one processor may be configuredto update the selected product model subset to include at least oneadditional product model from the stored set of product models notpreviously included in the selected product model subset to provide anupdated product model subset. Further the at least one processor may beconfigured to analyze the representation of the at least one productdepicted in the at least one image in comparison to the updated productmodel subset. The at least one processor may be also configured toidentify the at least one product based on the analysis of therepresentation of the at least one product depicted in the at least oneimage in comparison to the updated product model subset. For example,when the confidence level associated with a certain product is below aselected threshold, image processing unit 130 may determine that theselected subset of product model is not applicable to the product in theimage. For example, only “white container” and “blue cap” are identifiedin the image, resulting in a low confidence level for determining “Head& Shoulders Shampoo” to be the candidate type of the products. When theconfidence level is below the confidence threshold, image processingunit 130 may obtain other subsets of product models to determine theproducts. The other subsets of product models may be selected based onan analysis of the image, for example, based on identifiedcharacteristics of the products in the image (e.g., “white container”and “blue cap”), based on identified text in the image (e.g., “facialcleansing”), based on logos identified in the image (e.g., a Biorelogo), based on price identified in the image (e.g., “$50 on the pricetag”), based on other products identified in the image, and so forth. Inanother example, the other subsets of product models may be selectedbased on digital records associated with the retail store, for examplebased on sales records including a new type of product. After addingadditional product models in the selected subset, image processing unit130 may identify “Biore logo,” and “$50 on the price tag,” which are notthe characteristics for “Head & Shoulders Shampoo” but rather “Biorefacial cleansing,” using OCR and other image analysis method describedabove. Based on the identified visual characteristics andcharacteristics using contextual information, server 135 may recognize“Biore facial cleansing” in the images.

Consistent with the present disclosure, the action that updates theproduct model subset may include deactivating an existing product modelfrom the product model subset. Additionally and alternatively,consistent with the present disclosure, the action that updates theproduct model subset may include replacing an existing product modelfrom the product model subset with a new product model. For example,updating the selected subset of product models may also comprisedeleting or deactivating one or more existing product models in theselected subset of product models and add in a new product model inreplacement. In some cases, the existing product model and the newproduct model may be associated with the same type of product. Forexample, as part of a rebranding, packages of the products of a brandmay be modified, and usually the old brand, old packages, and/or oldlogos may not be seen on the shelves again. In such cases, when updatingthe selected subset of product models, image processing unit 130 may beconfigured to determine to delete the existing product model,automatically or manually. In some cases, one or more visualcharacteristics may be added to the product package, such as, a speciallogo, a mark, a new color, etc. For example, an Olympic logo appears onthe packages during the Olympic Games. During the Olympic game, toidentify the Olympic logo, image processing unit 130 may deactivate theexisting product models and add in the “Olympic Game Time” productmodels to replace the existing product model. The “Olympic Game Time”product models may include descriptions of the Olympic logo, images ofsports player, images of medals, etc. For another example, in December,many products may have Christmas special packages, red appearance,gift-like packages, and/or Christmas features. Image processing unit 130may deactivate the existing product models, and add in the “ChristmasTime” product models, in order to better determine the products in theimages. This may increase the efficiency and decrease the processingtime for recognizing the type of product in the image using the selectedsubset of product models.

Consistent with the present disclosure, when the selected product modelsubset is not applicable to the at least one product, the at least oneprocessor may be further configured to provide a visual representationof the at least one product to a user. For example, when the selectedproduct model subset is determined to be not applicable to the at leastone product, image processing unit 130 may rely on a user to recognizethe product. For example, image processing unit 130 may provide an imageof the at least one product to a user. Image processing unit 130 mayprovide a visual representation on an output device, using I/O system210 and peripherals interface 208. For example, image processing unit130 may be configured to display the image to a user using I/O system210. As described above, processing device 202 may be configured to sendthe image data to I/O system 210 using bus 200 and peripherals interface208. And, output device (e.g., a display screen) may receive the imagedata and display the image to a user. In another example, imageprocessing unit 130 may provide information about the location of theproduct in the retail store to a user, requesting the user to identifythe product at the specified location. While the present disclosureprovides exemplary methods of providing a visual representation of theat least one product to a user, it should be noted that aspects of thedisclosure in their broadest sense, are not limited to the disclosedmethods.

In accordance with this disclosure, the at least one processor may befurther configured to receive input from the user regarding the at leastone product. For example, image processing unit 130 may receive anindication of the at least one product type from the user. Imageprocessing unit 130 may receive input from a user using I/O interfacesystem 210 and peripherals interface 208. The user may send the input toserver 135 by interacting with input/output devices 224, such as, akeyboard, and/or a mouse. The input may include an indication of a typeof product, and such indication may be in text format, audio file,and/or other representation. In some embodiments, to receive input fromusers, image processing unit 130 may be configured to interact withusers using I/O interface system 210, touch screen 218, microphone 220,speaker 222 and/or other input/control devices 224. Server 135 mayrecognize the indication of a type of product received from a user, byrecognizing the text sent by the user, and/or by recognizing theindication in the audio file. For example, server 135 may access aspeech recognition module to convert the received audio file to textformat. Server 135 may also access a text recognition module torecognize the indication of a type of products in the text. For example,image processing unit 130 may determine “Biore facial cleansing” to beproduct in the image, based on the identification from a user, aftershowing the image to the user. This may increase the efficiency ofrecognizing new product or new package using the image processing unit130. This may also lower the inaccuracy while recognizing products inthe images.

Consistent with this disclosure, the at least one processor may be alsoconfigured to determine that the at least one product is associated withthe at least one additional product model from the stored set of productmodels not previously included in the selected product model subsetbased on the received input. Image processing unit 130 may then updatethe selected subset of product models and identify the at least oneproduct in the image, based on the updated subset of product models. Insome aspects, image processing unit 130 may determine that the at leastone product is associated with the at least one additional product modelfrom the stored set of product models not previously included in theselected product model subset based on the received input from the user.

Consistent with the present disclosure, the at least one processor maybe further configured to initiate an action that updates the productmodel subset associated with the at least one store shelf upondetermining that the product model subset is obsolete. For example,image processing unit 130 may determine a subset of product models to beobsolete. In some aspects, a user may input an indication that a subsetof product models may be obsolete. In some aspects, image processingunit 130 may determine a subset of product models to be obsolete, basedon the image analysis, at least because at least one product in theimage may not be recognized. Upon a subset of product models isdetermined to be obsolete, image processing unit 130 may be configuredto initiate an action that updates the subset of product model.

Consistent with the present disclosure, the at least one processor maybe configured to determine an elapsed time since a last identificationof a product on the at least one store shelf, compare the elapsed timewith a threshold, and determine that the product model subset isobsolete based on a result of the comparison. For example, imageprocessing unit 130 may determine an elapsed time since a lastidentification of a product on the shelf. In some aspects, imageprocessing unit 130 may store a time stamp for each time of productrecognition. Thus, image processing unit 130 may determine the elapsedtime by calculating the time difference between present time and thestored time stamp. In some aspects, image processing unit 130 may accessa timer, which may be configured to track the time since the lastproduct recognition. Image processing unit 130 may compare the elapsedtime with a threshold. If the elapsed time is determined to be greaterthan the threshold, then image processing unit 130 may determine thesubset of product models to be obsolete.

Consistent with the present disclosure, the at least one processor maybe configured to determine a number of product detections since a lastidentification of a product on the at least one store shelf, compare thedetermined number of product detections with a threshold, and determinethat the product model subset is obsolete based on a result of thecomparison. For example, image processing unit 130 may determine anumber of product detections since a last identification of a product onthe shelf In some aspects, image processing unit 130 may count and trackthe number of product detections. In some aspects, image processing unit130 may restart and count the number each time a product detectionoccurs. Image processing unit 130 may compare the number of productdetection since a last identification with a threshold. If the number isdetermined to be greater than the threshold, then image processing unit130 may determine the subset of product models to be obsolete.

Consistent with the present disclosure, the updated product model subsetmay be updated by adding a product model associated with a product brandof the at least one product. For example, when the brand of the at leastone product in the image is identified, image processing unit 130 mayadd, to the selected subset of product models, an additional productmodel that may be associated with the brand of the at least one productin the image. Consistent with the present disclosure, the updatedproduct model subset may be updated by adding a product model associatedwith a same logo as the at least one product. When the logo (e.g.,“gluten free logo”) on the at least one product in the image isidentified, then image processing unit 130 may add, to the selectedsubset of product models, an additional product model that has the samecharacteristics (i.e., the same logo). Consistent with the presentdisclosure, the updated product model subset may be updated by adding aproduct model associated with a category of the at least one product.When the product category (e.g., cleaning products, soft drinks, foods,snacks, or the like) of the at least one product in the image isidentified, then image processing unit 130 may add, to the selectedsubset of product models, an additional product model that is associatedwith the same category of the at least one product in the image.Consistent with the present disclosure, the action that updates theproduct model subset may include modifying an existing product modelfrom the product model subset, a modification to the existing productmodel is based on a detected change in an appearance of the at least oneproduct. For example, based on the detected change in the visualcharacteristic(s) of a product, image processing unit 130 may modifydescription of such characteristic(s) stored in the product model. Forexample, an addition of a logo (such as the Olympic logo) on a productmay be recognized by analyzing the image and may cause an update to aproduct model corresponding to the product to account for the additionof the logo.

Consistent with the present disclosure, the at least one processor maybe configured to analyze a representation of the at least one productdepicted in the at least one image using the product model subset, andidentify the at least one product based on the analysis of therepresentation of the at least one product depicted in the at least oneimage using the product model subset. For example, image processing unit130 may analyze an image to identify the product(s) in the image. Imageprocessing unit 130 may use any suitable image analysis techniqueincluding, for example, object recognition, image segmentation, featureextraction, optical character recognition (OCR), object-based imageanalysis, shape region techniques, edge detection techniques,pixel-based detection, object recognition algorithms, machine learningalgorithms, artificial neural networks, etc. In addition, imageprocessing unit 130 may use classification algorithms to distinguishbetween the different products in the retail store. For example, imageprocessing unit 130 may utilize suitably trained machine learningalgorithms and models to perform the product identification. Imageprocessing unit 130 may identify the product in the image based at leaston visual characteristics of the product (e.g., size, texture, shape,logo, text, color, etc.).

Consistent with the present disclosure, when the selected product modelsubset is not applicable to the at least one product, the at least oneprocessor may be further configured to obtain contextual informationassociated with the at least one product, and determine that the atleast one product is associated with the at least one additional productmodel from the stored set of product models not previously included inthe selected product model subset based on the obtained contextualinformation. For example, when the selected subset of product models isdetermined to be not applicable to the at least one product in theimage, image processing unit 130 may obtain contextual informationassociated with the at least one product. Image processing unit 130 mayalso update the selected subset of product models to add in an at leastone additional product model. And, based on the contextual information,image processing unit 130 may determine that the at least one product isassociated with the at least one additional product model not previouslyincluded in the selected subset of product models. Image processing unit130 may then store the decision with the updated subset of product modelin database 140. Image processing unit 130 may receive contextualinformation from capturing device 125 and/or a user device (e.g., acomputing device, a laptop, a smartphone, a camera, a monitor, or thelike). Image processing unit 130 may retrieve different types ofcontextual information from captured image data and/or from other datasources. In some cases, contextual information may include recognizedtypes of products adjacent to the product under examination. Consistentwith the present disclosure, the contextual information used todetermine that the at least one product is associated with the at leastone additional product model may be obtained from analyzing theplurality of images. For example, performing image analysis, imageprocessing unit 130 may identify a banner or a sign in the images thatshows “Snacks Section,” using OCR. Consistent with the presentdisclosure, the contextual information used to determine that the atleast one product is associated with the at least one additional productmodel may be obtained from analyzing portions of the plurality of imagesnot depicting the at least one product. That said, the contextualinformation may be obtained from analyzing portions of the image thatdoes not depict the at least one product. Image processing unit 130 mayobtain contextual information from the price tag on the shelf, from thedecoration on the shelf, from the text shown on the sign or banner,etc., using any image analysis techniques.

Consistent with the present disclosure, the contextual information mayinclude at least one of: information from a catalog of the retail store,text presented in proximity to the at least one product, a category ofthe at least one product, a brand name of the at least one product, aprice associated with the at least one product, and a logo appearing onthe at least one product. For example, contextual information mayinclude text appearing on the product, especially where that text may berecognized (e.g., via OCR) and associated with a particular meaning.Other examples of types of contextual information may include logosappearing on the product, a location of the product in the retail store,a brand name of the product, a price of the product, product informationcollected from multiple retail stores, product information retrievedfrom a catalog associated with a retail store, etc.

In some aspects, image processing unit 130 may determine the product inthe image to be “Coca-Cola Zero,” at least because image processing unit130 recognized other soft drinks that are displayed on the same shelvesin the image. Image processing unit 130 may determine the product in theimage to be “Coca-Cola Zero,” at least because the text “Cola” thatappears in the image can be recognized using OCR. Image processing unit130 may determine the type of product in the image to be “Coca-ColaZero,” at least because the text “Soda” in the image can be recognizedusing OCR. Image processing unit 130 may determine the type of productin the image to be “Coca-Cola Zero,” at least because the signature“Coca-Cola” logo on the products is recognized. In some embodiments,contextual information may include location information. For example,the location information may include an indication of an area in aretail store (e.g., cleaning section, soft drink section, dairy productshelves, apparel section, etc.), an indication of the floor (e.g., 2ndfloor), an address, a position coordinate, a coordinate of latitude andlongitude, and/or an area on map. Image processing unit 130 maydetermine the type of product in the image to be “Coca-Cola Zero,” atleast because the indication of soft drink section is detected in thereceived location information. Image processing unit 130 may recognizethe price tag and/or barcode on the products in the image, based on theprice tag and/or barcode, image processing unit 130 may determine thetype of product. For example, image processing unit 130 may recognize $8on the price tag. Based on the price information of “Coca-Cola Zero,”which may be in the range of $6-10, image processing unit 130 maydetermine the type of product to be “Coca-Cola Zero,” which has a pricerange of $20-25. The price information may be entered by a user,collected from multiple retail stores, retrieved from catalogsassociated with a retail store, and/or retrieved from online informationusing the internet.

Consistent with the present disclosure, image processing unit 130 maydetermine that the additional product model was not included in theselected subset of product models, based on the contextual information.In some embodiments, as described above, based on the contextualinformation, image processing unit 130 may recognize the type of productin the image and determine the type of product is not previouslyincluded in the selected subset of product models. In some embodiments,image processing unit 130 may compare the selected subset of the productmodels with the previously selected subset of product models. And, basedon the comparison, image processing unit 130 may determine that theadditional product model was not included in the selected subset ofproduct models.

Consistent with the present disclosure, the at least one processor maybe configured to identify a type of the at least one product in aconfidence level above a predetermined threshold using the updatedproduct model subset. For example, using the updated product models,server 135 may identify a type of at least one product in a confidencelevel that is above a selected threshold. Consistent with the presentdisclosure, server 135 may determine a confidence level associated withthe type of the product.

Consistent with the present disclosure, server 135 may compare theconfidence level to a selected threshold. In one embodiment, when theconfidence level associated with a certain product is below a threshold,server 135 may obtain contextual information to increase the confidencelevel. In some embodiments, when the confidence level associated with acertain product is above a threshold, server 135 may store the image andthe updated subset of product models in database 140. This may increasethe efficiency and decrease the processing time for recognizing the typeof product in the image using the updated subset of product models.

System 1200 may include or connected to network 150, described above. Insome embodiments, database 140 may be configured to store productmodels. The data for each product model may be stored as rows in tablesor in other ways. In some embodiments, database 140 may be configured tostore at least one subset of product models. Database 140 may beconfigured to update the at least one subset of product model. Updatinga subset of product models may comprise deleting or deactivating someproduct models in the subset. For example, image processing unit 130 maydelete some images and/or algorithms in the subset of product models,and store other product models for replacement in database 140.

Consistent with the present disclosure, server 135 may be configured todisplay an image to a user using I/O system 210 (e.g., a displayscreen). Processing device 202 may be configured to send the image datato I/O system 210 using bus 200 and peripherals interface 208.

Consistent with the present disclosure, server 135 may be configured tointeract with users using I/O interface system 210, touch screen 218,microphone 220, speaker 222 and/or other input/control devices 224. Fromthe interaction with the users, server 135 may be configured to receiveinput from the users. For example, the users may enter inputs byclicking on touch screen 218, by typing on a keyboard, by speaking tomicrophone 220, and/or inserting USB driver to a USB port. Consistentwith the present disclosure, the inputs may include an indication of atype of products, such as, “Coca-Cola Zero,” “Head & Shoulders Shampoo,”or the like. Consistent with the present disclosure, the inputs mayinclude an image that depicts products of different type displaying onone or more shelves, as described in FIG. 13A; and/or an image thatdepicts a type of product displayed on a shelf or a part of a shelf, asdescribed in FIG. 13B.

In one embodiment, memory device 226 may store data in database 140.Database 140 may include subsets of product models and some other data.Product models may include product type model data 240 (e.g., an imagerepresentation, a list of features, and more) that may be used toidentify products in received images. In some embodiments, productmodels may include visual characteristics associated with a type ofproduct (e.g., size, shape, logo, text, color, etc.). In someembodiments, database 140 may also store contextual informationassociated with a type of product. In other embodiments of thedisclosure, database 140 may store additional types of data or fewertypes of data. Furthermore, various types of data may be stored in oneor more memory devices other than memory device 226.

FIG. 15 illustrates an example graphical user interface (GUI) for deviceoutput, consistent with the present disclosure. As described above, whenthe selected product model subset is determined to be not applicable tothe at least one product, image processing unit 130 may rely on userinput to assist in identifying or recognizing the product. Consistentwith the present disclosure, server 135 may be configured to display animage to a user using I/O system 210 (e.g., a display screen). GUI mayinclude an exemplary image 1500 received by the system and thendisplayed to the user. Image 1500 may depict multiple shelves with manydifferent product types displayed thereon. Server 135 may determine thatthe selected subset of product models may not be applicable to image1500, due to the inability to identify product 1501. GUI may alsoinclude box 1503, where the product type may be entered by the user. Forexample, by interacting with input/output devices 224, such as, akeyboard, and/or a mouse, the user may enter the product type, such as,“Sprite 1 L.” In another example, the user may be presented with anumber of alternative product types (for example, alternative producttypes identified as possible candidates by a product recognitionalgorithm), such as “Sprite half L”, “Sprite 1 L”, and “Sprite 2 L”, andthe user may select one of the presented alternative product typescorresponding to product 1501, provide an indication that the correctproduct type for product 1501 is not in the presented alternativeproduct types, or provide an indication that the product type can't bedetermined from image 1500 (at least by the user). Alternatively oradditionally, the user may enter a product identification number or code(e.g., a stock keeping unit (SKU).) Such information supplied by theuser may be entered via keypad, etc. or may be automatically entered(e.g., by scanning a QR code, etc.).

FIG. 16 represents an exemplary image received by the system, consistentwith the present disclosure. The image may depict multiple shelves withmany different types of product displayed thereon. Image 1600 showsthree shelves with different types of products. Olympic logo 1603appears on the packages of cereal 1601. To identify the Olympic logo,image processing unit 130 may deactivate the existing product models forcereal 1601 and add in the “Olympic” product models to replace theexisting product model. The “Olympic” product models may includedescriptions of the Olympic logo, images of sports player, images ofmedals, etc. Based on image analysis described above, image processingunit 130 may recognize Olympic logo 1603.

FIG. 17 is a flow chart, illustrating an exemplary method 1700 foridentifying products in a retail store based on image analysis of thecaptured images, in accordance with the present disclosure. The orderand arrangement of steps in method 1700 is provided for purposes ofillustration. As will be appreciated from this disclosure, modificationsmay be made to process 1700 by, for example, adding, combining,removing, and/or rearranging one or more steps of process 1700.

In step 1701, the method may comprise accessing a database storing a setof product models relating to a plurality of products. For example,server 135 may access product models stored in database 140. Consistentwith the present disclosure, server 135 may be configured to accessdatabase 140 directly or via network 150. Accessing database 140 maycomprise storing/retrieving data stored in database 140. For example,server 135 may be configured to store/retrieve a group of productmodels. As described above, “product model” refers to any type ofalgorithm or stored product data that a processor can access or executeto enable the identification of a particular product associated with theproduct model. For example, the product model may include a descriptionof visual and contextual properties of the particular product (e.g., theshape, the size, the colors, the texture, the brand name, the price, thelogo, text appearing on the particular product, the shelf associatedwith the particular product, adjacent products in a planogram, thelocation within the retail store, etc.). That said, “Coca-Cola Zero”product model may include the visual characteristics of “Coca-ColaZero,” for example, “black package,” “black lid,” “signature Coca-Colalogo,” text “Zero Calorie,” text “Zero Sugar,” and “Coca-Cola's iconicbottle,” etc. Such visual characteristics may be stored as images, text,or any other source server 135 may recognize. “Coca-Cola Zero” productmodel may also include contextual information, such as, “price range of$5-$10”, “displayed in soft drink section,” “Soda may be displayed onthe same shelve,” “displayed on bottom of the shelves,” and/or “storedin a fridge,” etc. In another example, “Head & Shoulders Shampoo” mayinclude the visual characteristics of “Head & Shoulders Shampoo,” forexample, “signature curve bottle”, “Head & Shoulders logo”, “whitecontainer”, “blue cap,” text “Anti-Dandruff,” etc. “Head & ShouldersShampoo” product model may also include contextual information, such as,“price range of $15-$20”, “displayed in personal product section,”“conditioner may be displayed on the same shelve,” “displayed on top ofthe shelves,” and/or “stored on the second floor,” etc.

In step 1703, the method may comprise receiving at least one imagedepicting at least one store shelf and at least one product displayedthereon. For example, server 135 may receive one or more image. Theimage may depict a shelf with products in a retail store. For example,as described in FIG. 16A, the image may depict products displaying onone or more shelves, and in FIG. 16B, the image may depict a type ofproduct displayed on a shelf or a part of a shelf. Consistent with thepresent disclosure, server 135 may receive the image via network 150. Insome embodiments, server 135 may receive the image from an input device,such as, hard disks or CD ROM, or other forms of RAM or ROM, USB media,DVD, Blu-ray, or other optical drive media, or the like. For example,the image may be in an image format (e.g., JPG, JPEG, JFIF, TIFF, PNG,BAT, BMG, or the like).

In step 1705, the method may comprise selecting a product model subsetfrom among the set of product models based on at least onecharacteristic of the at least one store shelf and based on analysis ofthe at least one image, wherein a number of product models included inthe product model subset is less than a number of product modelsincluded in the set of product models. Server 135 may select a subset ofproduct models from the set of product models in the database 140, basedon at least one characteristic of the at least one shelf in the image.Consistent with the present disclosure, server 135 may analyze an imageto identify characteristic of the at least one shelf in the image. Suchcharacteristics may include the visual characteristics of the shelf(e.g., length, width, depth, color, shape, lighting on the self, thenumber of partitions of a shelf, number of layers, and/or whether aglass door is in front of the self, etc.). Such characteristics may alsoinclude the location of a shelf, for example, “second floor,” “forthaisle,” “cleaning section,” etc. In some aspects, image processing unit130 may identify the location information by recognizing the text on asign or a promotion material depicted in the image. In some aspects,such characteristics may also include information of the productsdisplayed on the shelf (e.g., the price of the products, the type of theproducts, and/or the section in the retail store, etc.). Based on thecharacteristics, server 135 may determine the category of product thatthe shelf is for. For example, server 135 may determine the shelf forsoft drinks, the shelf for cleaning products, the shelf for personalproducts, and/or the shelf for books, or the like. Server 135 may applyany suitable image analysis technique including, for example, objectrecognition, image segmentation, feature extraction, optical characterrecognition (OCR), object-based image analysis, shape region techniques,edge detection techniques, pixel-based detection, object recognitionalgorithms, machine learning algorithms, artificial neural networks,etc.

In step 1707, the method may comprise determining whether the selectedproduct model subset is applicable to the at least one product. Forexample, server 135 may determine whether the selected subset of productmodels is applicable to the at least one product. Consistent with thepresent disclosure, server 135 may determine whether the subset ofproduct models is applicable to the at least one product in the image.In some embodiments, server 135 may determine whether the subset ofproduct models is applicable to the at least one product in the imagebased on product recognition and image analysis, using the selectedsubset of product models. For example, when the product in the image isnot recognizable, then server 135 may determine that the selected subsetof product models is not applicable to the at least one product in theimage.

In step 1709, when the selected product model subset is determined to beapplicable to the at least one product, the method may compriseanalyzing a representation of the at least one product depicted in theat least one image using the product model subset. For example, whenserver 135 determines the selected subset of product models isapplicable to the at least one product in the image, then server 135 mayanalyze the image and identify the type of product in the image, usingthe selected subset of product models. Server 135 may analyze the imageand determine a type of product in the image. For example, if the imagein FIG. 16A is analyzed, server 135 may distinguish eight differenttypes of products, using classification algorithms. If the image in FIG.16B is analyzed, server 135 may identify a specific type of product.Consistent with the present disclosure, server 135 may use any suitableimage analysis technique including, for example, object recognition,image segmentation, feature extraction, optical character recognition(OCR), object-based image analysis, shape region techniques, edgedetection techniques, pixel-based detection, object recognitionalgorithms, machine learning algorithms, artificial neural networks,etc. In some embodiments, server 135 may utilize suitably trainedmachine learning algorithms and models to perform the productidentification, as described above.

In step 1711, the method may comprise identifying the at least oneproduct based on the analysis of the representation of the at least oneproduct depicted in the at least one image using the product modelsubset. For example, server 135 may identify the at least one product inthe image, based on the image analysis, using the selected subset ofproduct models. Analyzing the image may comprise identifying one or morecharacteristics of the at least one product in the image. In someembodiments, server 135 may identify the product in the image based atleast on visual characteristics of the product (e.g., size, shape, logo,text, color, etc.). Based on the identified visual characteristics,server 135 may determine a type of product that server 135 suspects theimage to be or contains. For example, when server 135 identifies somevisual characteristics of “Head & Shoulders Shampoo” in the image, suchas, “signature curve bottle”, “Head & Shoulders logo”, “whitecontainer”, “blue cap,” etc., then server 135 may determine “Head &Shoulders Shampoo” to be the type of product in the image.

In step 1713, when the selected product model subset is determined to benot applicable to the at least one product, the method may compriseupdating the selected product model subset to include at least oneadditional product model from the stored set of product models notpreviously included in the selected product model subset to provide anupdated product model subset. For example, when server 135 determinesthe selected subset of product models is not applicable to the at leastone product in the image, then server 135 may update the selected subsetof product models to include at least one additional product model.After updating the selected subset of product models, server 135 mayanalyze the image and identify the type of product in the image, usingthe selected subset of product models. Updating the selected subset ofproduct models may also comprise deleting or deactivating one or moreproduct model in the selected subset of product models. In someembodiments, updating the selected subset of product models may compriseadding an additional product model. For example, when the brand of theat least one product in the image is identified, server 135 may add, tothe selected subset of product models, an additional product model thatmay be associated with the brand of the at least one product in theimage. When the logo (e.g., “gluten free logo”) on the at least oneproduct in the image is identified, then server 135 may add, to theselected subset of product models, an additional product model that hasthe same characteristics (i.e., the same logo). When the productcategory (e.g., cleaning products, soft drinks, foods, snacks, or thelike) of the at least one product in the image is identified, thenserver 135 may add, to the selected subset of product models, anadditional product model that is associated with the same category ofthe at least one product in the image. In some aspect, updating theselected subset of product models may also comprise modifying a productmodel in the subset of product models. For example, based on thedetected change in the visual characteristic(s) of a product, server 135may modify description of such characteristic(s) stored in the productmodel.

In step 1715, the method may comprise analyzing the representation ofthe at least one product depicted in the at least one image incomparison to the updated product model subset. For example, server 135may analyze the image, in comparison to the updated subset of productmodels. As described above, server 135 may use any suitable imageanalysis technique to analyze the image.

In step 1717, the method may comprise identifying the at least oneproduct based on the analysis of the representation of the at least oneproduct depicted in the at least one image in comparison to the updatedproduct model subset. For example, server 135 may identify the at leastone product in the image, based on the image analysis, in comparison tothe updated subset of product models. As described above, server 135 mayidentify the type of the at least one product.

Consistent with the present disclosure, the method may further compriseinitiating an action that updates the product model subset associatedwith the at least one store shelf upon determining that the productmodel subset is obsolete. As described above, server 135 may determine asubset of product models to be obsolete. A user may input an indicationthat a subset of product models may be obsolete. Server 135 maydetermine a subset of product models to be obsolete, based on the imageanalysis, at least because at least one product in the image may not berecognized. Upon a subset of product models is determined to beobsolete, server 135 may be configured to initiate an action thatupdates the subset of product model.

According to the present disclosure, a system for processing imagescaptured in a retail store and determining sizes of products displayedon a shelf may include at least one processor. By way of example, FIG. 1illustrates system 100, which enables identification of products inretail stores 105 based on analysis of captured images.

According to the present disclosure, system 100 may use at least onevisual characteristic of a product, for example, a bottle. The visualcharacteristics may include, for example, shape, logo, textual elementson a label, color, price, brand etc. to identify the bottle. Accordingto the present disclosure, the product may include a carton or anycontainer, which may be capable of storing product contents. Productsmay include any liquids, solids or semi-solids or any combination of anyliquids, solids or semi-solids which can be stored in a containerincluding but not limited to juice, water, soft drinks, alcoholicdrinks, milk, medications, beauty products, hair products, bodyproducts, cleaning supplies, food products, beverages, energy drinks,carbonated drinks, ice creams, etc. While the present disclosureprovides exemplary systems and methods for determining a size of abottle, it should be noted that aspects of the disclosure in theirbroadest sense, are not limited to determining sizes of bottles. Ratherthe disclosed systems and methods may be used to determine the sizes ofother types of containers (e.g. boxes, packets, pouches, cans,canisters, crates, cartons, packages etc.)

According to the present disclosure, system 100 may use contextualinformation, which may refer to any information having a direct orindirect relationship with a bottle displayed on a store shelf toidentify the bottle. According to the present disclosure, the system mayretrieve different types of contextual information from captured imagedata and/or from other data sources. In some cases, contextualinformation may include recognized types of products adjacent to thebottle, location of the product in the retail store, and other productinformation collected from multiple retail stores, product informationretrieved from a catalog associated with a retail store, etc. In othercases, contextual information may also include visual characteristics ofthe bottle and visual characteristics of the products adjacent to thebottle. Contextual information may further include outline design of theproducts which may refer to the shape of the product, features of theproduct, relative positions of features of the product, and so forth.

According to the present disclosure, physical proportions of a bottlemay be used to differentiate between bottles with similar visualcharacteristics. A shelf in a retail store may contain multiple typesand brands of products packaged in bottles of different physicalproportions. Consistent with the present disclosure, the physicalproportions of the bottle may be used to classify, sort, categorizeand/or identify a particular bottled product. For Example, the physicalproportions of a 100 ml Pepsi® bottle and a 500 ml Coca-Cola® bottle maybe very different. In another example, while other visual properties ofa 1 Liter Coca-Cola® bottle and a 2 Liter Coca-Cola® may be identical orvery similar, the physical proportions of the two bottles may be verydifferent.

Capturing device 125 may capture an image of the shelf which includesmultiple bottles. Image processing unit 130 may analyze the capturedimage to detect a representation of a bottle in the image. Physicalproportions of a bottle may also be referred to as outline elements. Asused in this disclosure, outline elements may refer to various portionsof the bottle. Various dimensions of the outline elements for e.g.length, width, height, depth, or any other dimensions of the outlineelements may be used by system 100. For example, Image processing unit130 may further analyze the image of the bottle to determine at leastone ratio of two lengths associated with two outline elements of thebottle. The determined at least one ratio may be used to determine thesize of the bottle and/or type of product.

According to the present disclosure, image processing unit 130 mayanalyze the captured image to detect at least one store shelf. Further,the image processing unit 130 may use the detected at least one shelf todetect the bottle. For example, image processing unit 130 may detect thebottle based on the detected store shelf when the bottle is associatedwith the at least one store shelf. It is also contemplated that imageprocessing unit 130 may use information associated with the shelves todetect the bottle. The information associated with the shelves may beobtained from a store map and/or a planogram and/or a store database,from an analysis of images of the shelves, and so forth. For example,the location of the shelf may be used to focus the search area forbottles to an area directly above the shelf. In another example, two ormore shelves may be detected in an image, the image may be analyzed todetermine that a first shelf is associated with bottles while a secondshelf is not associated with bottles (for example, from labels attachedto the shelves, location of the shelves, or any other techniquedescribed above), and the search for bottles may be targeted in an areadirectly above the first shelf rather than an area directly above thesecond shelf.

Outline elements of bottles as described above, may be used todifferentiate between premium brand name products and/or generic storebrand products. For example, outline elements of a Neutrogena®moisturizer bottle may be different from the outline elements of a storebrand moisturizer bottle. Even if the visual characteristics of theNeutrogena® moisturizer bottle and the store brand moisturizer bottlemay be same, they may be differentiated using the different outlineelements. In another example, outline elements of bottles may be used toidentify if the bottles are packaged in a group (6-pack, 12-pack,24-pack etc.) and placed on the shelf or individually placed on a shelf.There are many examples of bottled products with similar visualcharacteristics for which outline elements may be an effective way todifferentiate between the products based on bottle sizes, the examplesherein are in no way limiting. For example, outline elements of a 6-packof 100 ml soda are different from the outline elements of a 12 pack 100ml soda.

Database 140 may store product data including visual characteristics,physical proportions or outline elements, lengths of outline elementsand contextual information of every product displayed on a store shelf.Product data, including outline designs and/or ornamental designs of allthe products in the retail store may be stored in database 140. Productdata may also include, for example, product name, product identifier,product width, product height, product depth, product area, productdiagonal length, product size, manufacturer brand of the product, priceof the product, image of the product, etc. Product data may also includea table with ratio of the pixel dimensions of the outline elements tothe physical dimensions of all the products mapped to the length, width,or any other dimensions of the outline elements of the products in theretail store. Product data may further include a table with ratios ofplurality of outline elements mapped to various heights of bottles.Product data may further include a ratio of a length associated with atleast one of: a bore of the bottle, an orifice of the bottle, a lip ofthe bottle, a collar of the bottle, and/or a length associated with atleast one of a neck of the bottle, a body of the bottle, an insweep ofthe bottle, a heel of the bottle, and a base of the bottle. Multipleratios using various combinations of the lengths of the outline elementsmay be stored in database 140. The stored outline elements may beacquired by image processing unit 130 or any component of system 100whenever required. Database 140 may also include a table mapping sizeand various visual characteristics to the associated product. Database140 may also include historic data related to size determination forevery product. System 100 may use the stored information in database 140to determine a product size and/or a product type.

Outline elements of the bottles may also be used to differentiatebetween bottles of varying sizes when visual characteristics of thebottles are not visibly captured in an image of a product shelf. ForExample, if only half a bottle is visible and the other half may behidden, image processing unit 130 may receive only a portion of theimage data required to identify the bottle size based on the visualcharacteristics of the bottle. By identifying the outline elements ofthe bottles and comparing lengths of two outline elements of the bottle,system 100 may be able to correctly identify the size of the bottle andthe type of product.

According to the present disclosure, outline elements may be used inconjunction with any of the visual characteristics previously disclosedto differentiate between product sizes identified in an image. Further,in accordance with the present disclosure, determining a confidencelevel associated with the determined size of the bottle.

According to the present disclosure, system 100 may compare theconfidence level to a threshold. The term “threshold” as used hereindenotes a reference value, a level, a point, or a range of values, forwhich, when the confidence level is above it (or below it depending on aparticular use case), system 100 may follow a first course of actionand, when the confidence level is under it (or above it depending on aparticular use case), system 100 may follow a second course of action.The value of the threshold may be predetermined for each size of thebottle or may be dynamically selected based on different considerations.

According to the present disclosure, the at least one processor may beconfigured to execute instructions to perform a method for processingimages captured in a retail store. Further, in accordance with thepresent disclosure, a computer program product for processing imagescaptured in a retail store may be provided. The computer program productmay be embodied in a non-transitory computer-readable medium and mayexecutable by at least one processor to execute a method for processingimages captured in a retail store. The method of processing the imagesmay include identifying a bottle on the shelf of the retail store anddetermining the size of the bottle. In accordance with the presentdisclosure, the method may further include determining a confidencelevel for the determined size.

In accordance with the present disclosure, the at least one processormay be configured to receive at least one image depicting a store shelfhaving at least one bottle displayed thereon. According to the presentdisclosure, the method for processing images captured in a retail storemay include receiving at least one image depicting a store shelf havingat least one bottle displayed. FIG. 18B illustrates an exemplary method1850 of determining size of a bottle, consistent with the presentdisclosure. Exemplary method 1850 may include a step of receiving animage depicting a store shelf (step 1852). By way of example, imageprocessing unit 130 may receive the image from the image capturingapparatus 125, via network 150.

FIG. 18A illustrates an exemplary image 1800 that may be received byimage processing unit 130. As illustrated in FIG. 18A, image 1800 mayinclude at least one shelf 1824 and bottle 1801 positioned on shelf1824. For example, bottle 1801 may include outline elements such as abore or an orifice 1802 of the bottle, a lip 1804 of the bottle, acollar 1806 of the bottle, a side mold seam 1808 of the bottle, a finish1812 of the bottle, a neck 1814 of the bottle, a shoulder 1816 of thebottle, a body 1818 of the bottle, an insweep or a heel 1820 of thebottle, and a base 1822 of the bottle. The bottle may be placed on ashelf 1824. By way of example, bottle 1801 may also include ornamentaldesign 1810 of the bottle. Ornamental design 1810 may refer to anembossing, etching, carving, stamp, engraving, marking, or anydecorative element imprinted on the outside or inside of the bottle.While the present disclosure provides examples of various physicalproportions or outline elements of a bottle, it should be noted thataspects of the disclosure in their broadest sense, are not limited tothe disclosed physical proportions or outline elements.

According to the present disclosure, the at least one processor mayfurther be configured to analyze the image to detect a representation inthe image of the at least one bottle which has an outline design. Inaccordance with the present disclosure, the method for processing imagescaptured in a retail store may further include analyzing the image todetect a representation in the image of the at least one bottle whichhas an outline design. For example, outline design may refer to theshape of the bottle, to features of the bottle, relative positions offeatures of the bottle, and so forth. Exemplary method 1850 may includea step of analyzing the image to detect a bottle (step 1854). Accordingto the present disclosure, the detection can at least in part be basedon visual characteristics of the bottle and/or contextual information ofthe bottle as described previously. For example, the bottle in the imagemay have a distinct color and text on the label of the bottle clearlyvisible in the captured image which may be beneficial in detecting thebottle.

As previously discussed, in accordance with the present disclosure,outline elements may refer to various portions of the bottle. Variousdimensions of the outline elements for e.g. length, width, height,depth, or any other dimensions of the outline elements may be used bysystem 100. According to the present disclosure, the at least oneprocessor may further be configured to identify two or more outlineelements associated with the outline design of the bottle where, each ofthe two or more outline elements have specific lengths. In accordancewith the present disclosure, the method for processing images capturedin a retail store may further include identifying two or more outlineelements associated with the outline design of the bottle where, each ofthe two or more outline elements have specific lengths. Exemplary method1850 further comprises of identifying two or more outline elements ofspecific lengths associated with the bottle (step 1856). In someexamples, the two or more outline elements may be selected from a groupincluding a bore of the bottle, an orifice of the bottle, a lip of thebottle, a collar of the bottle, a top of a bottle, a neck of the bottle,a body of the bottle, an insweep of the bottle, a heel of the bottle, abase of the bottle, a side mold seam of the bottle, a finish of thebottle, a shoulder of the bottle, and so forth. By way of example, FIG.18A illustrates exemplary outline elements. For example, bottle 1801 mayinclude outline elements such as a bore or an orifice 1802 of thebottle, a lip 1804 of the bottle, a collar 1806 of the bottle, a sidemold seam 1808 of the bottle, a finish 1812 of the bottle, a neck 1814of the bottle, a shoulder 1816 of the bottle, a body 1818 of the bottle,an insweep or a heel 1820 of the bottle, and a base 1822 of the bottle.

Each of the two or more selected outline elements may have a specificlength. The lengths of the outline elements may be different for bottlesof different products. For example, the neck 1814 of a Coca-Cola® bottlemay have a different length than the neck 1814 of a Gatorade® bottle orthe base 1822 of a 50 ml bottle may be smaller than the base 1822 of a500 ml bottle. Also, the neck 1814 of a Coca-Cola® bottle may have adifferent length than the base 1822 of a 50 ml bottle or any combinationthereof. In some embodiments, one or more images of the at least bottlemay be analyzed to determine the length of the two or more selectedoutline elements, and/or a function of the lengths of the two or moreselected elements, such as a ratio of the lengths of two lengths, afunction of the ratio, a difference between two lengths, a distributionof the lengths of the two or more selected outline elements, a functionor property of the distribution of the lengths of the two or moreselected outline elements (such as mean, median, mode, standarddeviation, variance, coefficient of variation, coefficient ofdispersion, standardized moment, Fano factor, etc.), and so forth. Theone or more images may be analyzed using any techniques known to oneskilled in the art, such as machine learning algorithms, artificialneural networks, convolutional neural networks, and so forth.

According to the present disclosure, the at least one processor mayfurther be configured to determine a size of the at least one bottlebased on a comparison of the lengths of the two or more outlineelements. In accordance with the present disclosure, the method forprocessing images captured in a retail store may further includedetermining a size of the at least one bottle based on a comparison ofthe lengths of the two or more outline elements. In some embodiments,the size of the at least one bottle may be determined based on thefunction of the lengths of the two or more selected elements determinedby analyzing the one or more images of the at least one bottle, asdescribed above. For example, the size of the at least one bottle may bedetermined using the length of the two or more selected outlineelements, a function of the lengths of the two or more selected outlineelements, such as a ratio of the lengths of two lengths, a function ofthe ratio, a difference between two lengths, a distribution of thelengths of the two or more selected elements, a function or property ofthe distribution of the lengths of the two or more selected outlineelements (such as mean, median, mode, standard deviation, variance,coefficient of variation, coefficient of dispersion, standardizedmoment, Fano factor, etc.), and so forth. For example, the value of thefunction of the lengths of the two or more selected outline elements maybe compared with selected one or more thresholds, and the size of the atleast one bottle may be determined based on result of the comparison. Inanother example, the value of the function of the lengths of the two ormore selected outline elements may be compared with selected ranges, andthe size of the at least one bottle may be determined based on the rangethe value falls in. In yet another example, the size of the at least onebottle may be calculated using the function of the lengths of the two ormore selected outline elements.

According to the present disclosure, image processing unit 130 maydetermine the product type and/or the bottle size by matching the storedoutline elements to the images of products stored in database 140. Forexample, image processing unit 130 may compare the received image to theimages of products stored in database 140. Image processing unit 130 mayidentify a matching image and divide the captured image of the bottleinto multiple portions or outline elements, for e.g. body 1818, neck1814, shoulder 1816, etc. based on the comparison. Image processing unit130 may then extract additional product data including lengths ofoutline elements for the matching image, also stored in database 140.Image processing unit 130 may further compare the identified outlineelements of the received image to the outline elements of the matchingimage to determine the length of the outline elements in the receivedimage.

For example, system 100 may be configured to determine the length ofneck 1814 of a Gatorade® bottle and the length of base 1822 of theGatorade® bottle. System 100 is further configured to compare theidentified lengths of the two outline elements i.e. neck 1814 and thebase 1822 with the stored lengths of the neck 1814 and the base 1822 ofthe Gatorade® bottle. In another example, system 100 may be configuredto determine the ratio of the length of neck 1814 of a Gatorade® bottleand the length of base 1822 of the Gatorade® bottle, and compare thedetermined ratio with some selected thresholds and/or selected valuesranges, for example to determine a size of the bottle, a type of thebottle, a brand of the bottle, and so forth. While the presentdisclosure provides exemplary systems and methods for determining a sizeand a product type of a bottle, it should be noted that aspects of thedisclosure in their broadest sense, are not limited to determining sizesor types of bottled products. Rather the disclosed systems and methodsmay be used to determine the sizes or types of other types of containers(e.g. boxes, packets, pouches, cans, etc.) or other types of productsstored in containers (e.g. cereals, chips, yogurts, perfumes, shampoos,etc.)

In accordance with the present disclosure, image processing unit 130 mayalso use artificial neural networks to identify the outline elements.For example, in accordance with the present disclosure, image processingunit 130 may use convolutional neural networks to identify outlineelements. Convolutional neural networks may be capable of identifyingand combining low-level features of the product in the received imagefor e.g. lines, edges, colors to more abstract features for e.g.squares, circles, objects, etc. to identify a product. Once the productis identified, system 100 may identify the outline elements for e.g.body 1818, neck 1814, shoulder 1816, etc. of the identified product bycomparing the image of the same product stored in database 140.

According to the present disclosure, the lengths of the outline elementsand/or the function of the lengths of the outline elements may bedetermined using pixel data. For example, image processing unit 130 mayidentify multiple portions or outline elements, for e.g. body 1818, neck1814, shoulder 1816, etc. of the received image. Image processing unit130 may further determine pixel dimensions of each of the identifiedoutline elements. For example, image processing unit 130 may determineheight of the neck 1814 of the bottle in pixels or width of the base1822 in pixels, etc. Image processing unit 130 may further determineheight of the bottle, i.e. distance between the end-points of thebottle. Image processing unit may determine ratio of the pixeldimensions of an outline element to the height of the bottle. Imageprocessing unit 130 may then compare the determined ratio to the productdata stored in database 140 to identify the length of the outlineelement. In this case, product data may include a table with ratio ofthe pixel dimensions of the outline elements to the physical dimensionsof all the products mapped to the length, width, or any other dimensionsof the outline elements of the products in the retail store. Forexample, the height in pixels of the neck 1814 of the bottle in pixelsis 200 and the height of the bottle is 152 mm, the ratio may bedetermined to be 200/152=1.31. Image processing unit 130 may compare thedetermined ratio to the ratios stored in the database to obtain thelength of the neck 1814.

Exemplary method 1850 further comprises of determining a size of the atleast one bottle based on a comparison of the lengths of the two outlineelements (step 1858). For example, the at least one image may beanalyzed to determine at least one ratio of two lengths associated withthe bottle. The determined at least one ratio may be used to determine asize of the bottle. Database 140 may include a table with ratios ofplurality of outline elements mapped to various heights of bottles. Thedifferent lengths associated with the outline elements may be obtainedfrom the manufacturer when the product is stocked in the retail store.The different lengths associated with the outline elements may be inputby a store employee, or may be retrieved from product data stored indatabase 140. The different lengths associated with the outline elementscan also be input by a supplier or manufacturer of the product. In thiscase, the product data may include a table associating lengthsassociated with the outline elements with a particular brand or size ofbottle which may be provided. System 100 may calculate multiple ratiosof the outline elements and store them in database 140. For example, theat least one ratio may comprise a ratio of a length associated with atleast one of: a bore or an orifice 1802 of the bottle, a lip 1804 of thebottle, a collar 1806 of the bottle, a side mold seam 1808 of thebottle, a finish 1812 of the bottle, a neck 1814 of the bottle, ashoulder 1816 of the bottle, a body 1818 of the bottle, an insweep or aheel 1820 of the bottle, and a base 1822 of the bottle. Multiple ratiosusing various combinations of the lengths of the outline elements may bestored in database 140.

According to the present disclosure, the at least one processor mayfurther be configured to determine a size of the at least one bottlewhen at least 50% of the outline design of the bottle is obscured. Forexample, an individual or an object may obscure at least a portion ofthe field of view of capturing device 125. In this case, at least 50% ormore than 50% of the outline design may be obscured. In this case,system 100 may use only a portion of the shelf and partial image of thebottle on that shelf to determine the size of the bottle. For example, a500 ml Pepsi® bottle may be obscured by an obstacle. System 100 mayobtain a partial image of the bottle and may use the outline elementsavailable in the partial image to determine the size of the bottle. Forexample, if only the top half of the bottle is captured, system 100 mayuse the lengths associated with neck 1814 of the bottle and bore 1802 ofthe bottle to determine the size of the bottle. For example, system 100may determine the ratio of the length of neck 1814 to bore 1802 of thebottle. System 100 may compare the obtained ratio to the product datastored in database 140. In this case, product data may include a tablemapping ratio of plurality of outline elements to the size of theproduct. In this case, system 100 may not rely on the ornamental design1810 or the label, logo or any other visual characteristics to determinethe size of the bottle.

According to the present disclosure, the at least one processor mayfurther be configured to determine a product type of the at least onebottle based on the determined size. In accordance with the presentdisclosure, the method for processing images captured in a retail storemay further include determining a product type of the at least onebottle based on the determined size. Exemplary method 1870 disclosed inFIG. 18C may include a step of receiving image depicting a store shelf(step 1872); analyzing image to detect a bottle (step 1874); determiningthe size of the bottle (1876) and determining a product type based onthe size of the bottle (step 1878). For example, if the size of a bottlemay be determined by analyzing the image received from the imagecapturing device 125. Based on the size and the ornamental design 1810and/or the visual characteristics or the outline elements and/or theoutline design of the bottle in the image, a product type may bedetermined. For example, a size of 100 ml is determined for the bottlebased on the image analysis or one or more of the methods discussed inaccordance with the present disclosure. The image can be furtheranalyzed to detect the visual characteristics of the bottle includingbut not limited to the logo, price, shape, textual elements on the labeletc. For example, a Pepsi® bottle may be detected using size of thebottle obtained using one or more of the methods discussed in accordancewith the present disclosure. The image capturing unit 130 may capturethe unique Pepsi® logo which includes a circle divided into threesections with red white and blue colors. System 100 may compare thedetermined parameters with those stored in database 140 to identify theproduct type. In this case, database 140 may include a table mapping thesize and various visual characteristics to the associated product. Thevisual characteristics including the logo, price, shape, textualelements on the label etc. may be stored in database 140. Based on atleast the size of the bottle and additionally or alternatively using thevisual characteristics of the bottle, a product type may be determined.

According to the present disclosure, the at least one processor mayfurther be configured to determine a product type of another productdisplayed on the store shelf based on the determined size of the atleast one bottle. In accordance with the present disclosure, the methodfor processing images captured in a retail store may further includedetermining a product type of another product depicted in the imagebased on the determined size of the at least one bottle. For example, atype of a product may be identified based, at least in part, on thedetermined size of the bottle. According to the present disclosure,system 100 may determine the size of a bottle and use this determinationto access the database 140 and obtain information about the productshaving a direct or indirect relationship with the bottle. System 100 maydetermine a product type based on the placement of products of differentsizes on the same shelf or adjacent shelves. In some embodiments, system100 may use the ornamental design 1810 and/or the visual characteristicsand/or the outline design of the products to determine if a correctproduct is placed on the correct shelf.

In accordance with the present disclosure, system 100 may also usemachine learning to determine the product type based on context. System100 may employ various machine learning techniques including decisiontree learning, association rule learning, artificial neural networks,inductive logic programming, support vector machines, clustering,Bayesian networking, reinforcement learning, representation learning,similarity and metric learning, spare dictionary learning, rule-basedmachine learning, etc. In accordance with the present disclosure,machine learning may be used to predict context for a given product.System 100 may be able to predict which products are supposed to beplaced next to or near by or on the adjacent shelf of the given product.For example, system 100 may predict, over time, that a Coca-Cola® bottleis more likely to be placed next to a Pepsi® bottle. Therefore, whensystem 100 identifies a Coca-Cola® bottle placed on a shelf, it may beable to predict which bottles or products may be placed next to theCoca-Cola® bottle on the same shelf. System 100 may also be able topredict products placed on any shelves adjacent to, above or below theshelf on which the Coca-Cola® bottle is placed.

According to the present disclosure, the at least one processor mayfurther be configured to determine a product type of the at least onebottle based on the determined size of the at least one bottle and atleast one of a brand associated with the at least one bottle, a logoassociated with the at least one bottle, text associated with the atleast one bottle, a price associated with the at least one bottle, and ashape of the at least one bottle. In accordance with the presentinvention, a type of a product may be identified based, at least inpart, on the determined size of the bottle. In one case, the product maybe the bottle. In accordance with the present invention, the product maybe a different product than the bottle, but it was identified using thedetermined size of the bottle. In addition, the at least one image maybe further analyzed to identify a brand associated with the bottle, andthe identified brand may be used in the identification of the type ofthe product. In accordance with the present invention, the at least oneimage may be further analyzed to detect a logo associated with thebottle, and the detected logo may be used in the identification of thetype of the product (for example by using image recognition algorithm torecognize the logo, and using the identity of the logo of theidentification of the type of the product). In accordance with thepresent invention, the at least one image may be further analyzed toidentify text associated with the bottle, and the identified text may beused in the identification of the type of the product (for example byprocessing the image of the text using OCR algorithm, and using theresulting textual information in the identification of the type of theproduct). In accordance with the present invention, the at least oneimage may be further analyzed to identify a price associated with thebottle, and the identified price may be used in the identification ofthe type of the product (for example as described below). In accordancewith the present invention, the at least one image may be furtheranalyzed to detect a label associated with the bottle, and the detectedlabel may be used in the identification of the type of the product (forexample by identifying text on the label using OCR and using theresulting textual information in the identification of the type of theproduct, by using price specified on the label as described below, byidentifying a barcode on the label and using the identified barcode inthe identification of the type of the product, and so forth). Inaccordance with the present invention, the at least one image may befurther analyzed to identify at least one store shelf associated withthe bottle, and the identified at least one store shelf may be used inthe identification of the type of the product (for example, in acombination with information associated with the shelves, which in somecases may be obtain from a store map and/or a planogram and/or a storedatabase, from an analysis of images of the shelves, and so forth).According to the present disclosure, the at least one processor mayfurther be configured to determine a confidence level for the determinedsize. In accordance with the present disclosure, the method forprocessing images captured in a retail store may further includedetermining a confidence level for the determined size. FIG. 18Dillustrates an exemplary method 1880 of confirming size of a bottlebased on a confidence level, consistent with the present disclosure.Exemplary method 1880 may include a step of receiving image depicting astore shelf (step 1882); analyzing image to detect a bottle (step 1884);determining the size of the bottle (1886), determining a confidencelevel for the determined size (step 1888). In accordance with thepresent disclosure, the term “confidence level” refers to anyindication, numeric or otherwise, of a level (e.g., within apredetermined range) indicative of an amount of confidence system 100has that the determined size of the bottle is the actual size of thebottle. For example, the confidence level may have a value between 1 to10. The confidence level for every size of every product may be storedin database 140.

In accordance with the present disclosure, a confidence level may becalculated using historic data related to the bottle. Historic datarelated to size determination for every size of every product may bestored in database 140. Confidence level may be calculated by dividing a“number of times a correct size was predicted” by a “sample size”. Forexample, system 100 may have determined size of a Gatorade® bottle 500times in the past one year. Out of those 500 times, correct size mayhave been determined 300 times. Therefore, the confidence level may becalculated as 300/500*10=6. In this case, system 100 has a confidencelevel of 6 that the predicted size may be the correct size. The samplesize may vary for every product depending on for example, number of daysa product is in the retail store, number of products sold each day,number of products sold per day, etc.

In accordance with the present disclosure, system 100 may compare theconfidence level to a threshold. The term “threshold” as used hereindenotes a reference value, a level, a point, or a range of values, forwhich, when the confidence level is above it (or below it depending on aparticular use case), system 100 may follow a first course of actionand, when the confidence level is under it (or above it depending on aparticular use case), system 100 may follow a second course of action.The value of the threshold may be predetermined for each size of thebottle or may be dynamically selected based on different considerations.The threshold for different bottles of different sizes may be stored indatabase 140.

In accordance with the present disclosure, the threshold may becalculated by using the historic data of confidence levels stored indatabase 140. For example, threshold may be calculated by calculating amode of the confidence levels. For example, for a 100 ml Coca-Cola®bottle the mode of the confidence levels of a 100 ml Coca-Cola® bottlemay be the confidence level that occurred the most often. If the 100 mlCoca-Cola® bottle has a threshold of 7 that means, maximum times theconfidence level for the 100 ml Coca-Cola® bottle was 7. In accordancewith the present disclosure, the confidence level may be updated andstored in database 140 every time system 100 makes a size determination.Therefore, based on the confidence level, the threshold may also beupdated. Additionally, or alternatively in accordance with the presentdisclosure, the confidence level and threshold for every size of everyproduct may be predetermined. The predetermined confidence level andthreshold may be input by a retail store employee, manufacturer, systemadministrator or any other personnel and/or stored in database 140.

According to the present disclosure, the at least one processor mayfurther be configured to determine when the confidence level is below athreshold and analyze the image to identify another product on the storeshelf which may include another outline element associated with aspecific length. According to the present disclosure, the at least oneprocessor may further be configured to determine when the confidencelevel is below a threshold to identify another outline element of the atleast one bottle. FIG. 18D illustrates an exemplary method 1880 ofconfirming size of a bottle based on a confidence level, consistent withthe present disclosure. Exemplary method 1880 may include a step ofreceiving image depicting a store shelf (step 1882); analyzing image todetect a bottle (step 1884); determining the size of the bottle (1886),determining a confidence level for the determined size (step 1888),analyzing the image to identify another product with a third outlineelement associated with a specific length (step 1890). According to thepresent disclosure, the determined confidence level may be compared tothe threshold stored in database 140. If it is determined that theconfidence level is below the threshold, system 100 may be configured toperform additional steps. System 100 may further be configured toanalyze the image to identify another product on the store shelf. Theother product may be a second product different than the at least onebottle. The second product may be the same product of same size ordifferent size or a different product in the retail store. The secondproduct may be the same bottle of same of different size. The secondproduct may be a product having different visual characteristics thanthe bottle including but not limited to shape, logo, textual elements ona label, color, price, brand etc. The second product may be a productwhich is stored on the same shelf or any of the adjacent shelves whichare captured in the image. System 100 may further be configured toidentify a third outline element of the second product associated with aspecific length. For example, a milk carton may be placed next to aGatorade® bottle. System 100 may be configured based on the methodsdisclosed in the present disclosure, to identify that the product nextto the Gatorade® bottle is a milk carton. System 100 may be able toidentify an outline element for example base 1822 associated with themilk carton. Further, system 100 may be configured to identify thelength of the base 1822 of the milk carton along with the length of theneck 1814 or the body 1818 of the Gatorade® bottle. In another example,System 100 may further be configured based on the methods disclosed inthe present disclosure, to identify a three different outline element ofthe same Gatorade® bottle. System 100 may be able to identify neck 1817,body 1818 and/or base 1822 associated with the same Gatorade® bottle.System 100 may further be configured based on the methods disclosed inthe present disclosure, to identify to identify lengths of the neck1817, the body 1818 and/or base the 1822 associated with the sameGatorade®

According to the present disclosure, the at least one processor mayfurther be configured to confirm the size of the bottle based on acomparison of the specific length of the other outline element of theother product and the length of one of the two outline elements of theat least one bottle. According to the present disclosure, the at leastone processor may further be configured to confirm the size of thebottle based on a comparison of the specific length of the other outlineelement of the at least one bottle and the length of one of the twooutline elements of the at least one bottle. Exemplary method 1880 mayfurther include a step of confirming the size of the bottle based oncomparison of the specific length of the third outline element of theother product or the third outline element of the at least one bottleand the length of one of the two outline elements of the at least onebottle (step 1892). Continuing the above example, system 100 may beconfigured to compare the length of the base 1822 of the milk carton andlength of the neck 1814 or the body 1818 of the Gatorade® bottle usingthe lengths of the outline elements for these products stored indatabase 140. System 100 may also be able to determine that the lengthof the identified outline element (i.e. length of the base 1822) of themilk carton matches with the and length of the stored outline element(i.e. length of the base 1822) of the milk carton and that the length ofthe identified outline element (neck 1814 or the body 1818 of theGatorade® bottle) match with the stored outline element (neck 1814 orthe body 1818 of the Gatorade® bottle) on that shelf. System 100 may beable to make this determination using the planogram and the product datastored in database 140. Based on the determination that the identifiedlengths match with the stored lengths, system 100 may confirm the sizeof the bottle.

According to the present disclosure, continuing the above example,system 100 may be configured to compare the length of neck 1817 with thelength body 1818 or length of base 1822 associated with the sameGatorade® bottle. System 100 may also be able to determine that thelength of identified neck 1817 and the length of the identified body1818 or base 1822 matches with the length of the stored neck 1817 andthe length of the stored body 1818 or base 1822. System 100 may be ableto make this determination using the planogram and the product datastored in database 140. Based on the determination that the identifiedlengths match with the stored lengths, system 100 may confirm the sizeof the bottle.

According to the present disclosure, the at least one processor mayfurther be configured to analyze the image to identify a label attachedto the store shelf, wherein the label may include a textual elementassociated with a specific length and confirm the size of the bottlebased on a comparison of the specific length of the textual element ofthe label and the length of one of the two outline elements of the atleast one bottle. According to the present disclosure, upondetermination that the confidence level is below a predeterminedthreshold, the identification can at least in part be made based also onvisual characteristics of the store shelf (e.g., logo, text, color,label, price etc.). For example, the system 100 may identify a labelassociated with the shelf on which the at least one bottle is placed.This label may include a textual element associated with a specificlength. This textual element may be the name, type, price, uniqueidentifier, product identification code or any other catalogable codes,such as a series of numbers, letters, symbols, or any combinations ofnumbers, letters, and symbols. The length of the textual element of thelabel is compared to the length of one of the two outline elements ofthe at least one bottle. Based on the result of this comparison, system100 is able to confirm the size of the at least one bottle. For example,continuing the above example, system 100 may further analyze the labelattached to the store shelf on with the Gatorade® bottle is placed. Thelabel may disclose the price of the Gatorade® bottle or a uniqueidentifier of the Gatorade® bottle or any textual element associatedwith the Gatorade® bottle. System 100 may identify that the length ofthe unique identifier of the label of the Gatorade® bottle is 1.2 cm.The length of textual elements may be the lengths of price, identifier,code, symbol or any other textual element. System 100 compares theidentified length of the identified unique identifier of the label ofthe Gatorade® bottle and the length of the identified body 1818 or base1822 matches with the length of the stored unique identifier of thelabel of the Gatorade® bottle and the length of the stored body 1818 orbase 1822. System 100 may be able to make this determination using theplanogram and the product data stored in database 140. Based on thedetermination that the identified lengths match with the stored lengths,system 100 may confirm the size of the bottle.

According to the present disclosure, the method for processing imagescaptured in a retail store may further include when the confidence levelis below a threshold, attempt to recognize the product type of the atleast one bottle based on at least one of: a brand associated with adetected bottle, a logo associated with the detected bottle, textassociated with the detected bottle, a price associated with the bottle,and a shape of the detected bottle and confirm the size of the detectedbottle based on the product type. According to the present disclosure,upon determination that the confidence level is below a predeterminedthreshold, system 100 may recognize the type of product as previouslydescribed, based on the visual characteristics of the products includingbut not limited to a brand, a logo, text associated with the detectedbottle, price, a unique identifier, a bar code, a QR code and a shapeassociated with the detected bottle. The size of the detected bottle isthen determined based on the identified type of product. For example,based on the visual characteristics, system 100 detects a Coca-Cola®logo on the bottle and the textual elements of the label show that it'sa 100 ml bottle. System 100 retrieves the proportions of the outlineelements of a 100 ml Coca-Cola® bottle from database 140. Based on thisinformation determined using the image capturing device 125 and imageprocessing unit 130, system 100 confirms the size of a 100 ml Coca-Cola®bottle.

FIG. 19 is an illustration of an exemplary method of identifyingmultiple bottles, consistent with the present disclosure. According tothe present disclosure, the at least one processor may further beconfigured to receive an image which depicts a first bottle and a secondbottle located adjacent to each other. FIG. 19 illustrates an exemplarymethod 1900 of identifying multiple bottles, consistent with the presentdisclosure. Exemplary method 1900 may include a step of receiving imagedepicting a store shelf (step 1902), a step of analyzing the image todetect a first bottle and a second bottle (step 1904), a step ofidentifying visual characteristics of the first bottle and second bottle(step 1906). According to the present disclosure, the image captured bycapturing device 125 may include images of multiple bottles on ashelving unit. While stocking the shelves, based on a planogram, bottlesmay be placed adjacent to each other based on the size, brand, price orany combination of the visual characteristics or contextual information.For example, a 6 pack may be placed adjacent to another 6 pack ofdifferent brands or a 6 pack and an individual bottle of the same brandmay be placed adjacent to each other based on the planogram. Thecombinations in which the bottles are supposed to be shelved accordingto the planogram are stored in database 140. System 100 may beconfigured to receive an image of a shelf where two bottles are placedadjacent to each other. According to the present disclosure, the firstand second bottles may be associated with a common brand, but the firstand second bottles may have different sizes. For example, two Coca-Cola®bottles, are placed adjacent to each other and the first bottle may be a100 ml bottle while the second bottle may be 500 ml bottle. According tothe present disclosure, the first and second bottles may be associatedwith a different brand, but the first and second bottles may have samesizes. For example, A Pepsi® bottle of 100 ml may be placed next to aCoca-Cola® bottle of 100 ml. According to the present disclosure, thefirst and second bottles may have different pricing and same size butmay be associated with a different brand. For example, a Pepsi® bottleof 100 ml priced $2 may be placed next to a Coca-Cola® bottle of 100 mlpriced $2.25. According to the present disclosure, the first and secondbottles may have same sizes, but may be of different product types. Forexample, a milk carton of 1 gallon may be placed next to a juice cartonof 1 gallon. In this case, both the cartons are of different producttype, but have a same size.

According to the present disclosure, the at least one processor mayfurther be configured to use a same two outline elements for the firstand second bottles to determine a first product size for the firstbottle and a second product size for the second bottle differs than thefirst product size. FIG. 19 illustrates an exemplary method 1900 ofidentifying multiple bottles, consistent with the present disclosure.Exemplary method 1900 may include a step of receiving image depicting astore shelf (step 1902), a step of analyzing the image to detect a firstbottle and a second bottle (step 1904), a step of identifying visualcharacteristics of the first bottle and second bottle (step 1906), astep of identifying same two outline elements for the first and secondbottle (step 1908), a step of comparing the ratio of the two outlineelements (1910), a step of determining the size of the first bottle andthe second bottle (1912), a step of determining the product type of thefirst bottle and the second bottle and a step of determining the producttype of the first bottle and the second bottle (1914).

According to the present disclosure, the product size of the first andsecond bottles may be determined using any two of the outline elementsas discussed previously, where the first and the second bottles arelocated adjacent to each other. According to the present disclosure,system 100 may determine the first product size for the first bottlewhich is different than the second product size for the second bottle.The same two outline elements may be used to determine the product typeof the first and second bottles. For example, Pepsi® bottle of 500 mlmay be placed next to a Pepsi® bottle of 100 ml. System 100 may beconfigured to use two outline elements (e.g. the neck 1814 and the body1820) for the Pepsi® bottle of 500 ml and the same two outline elements(e.g. the neck 1814 and the body 1820) for the Pepsi® bottle of 100 ml.System 100 may be configured to use the lengths of the outline elementsto determine the size of the bottle.

According to the present disclosure, a ratio of the lengths of the twooutline elements of the first bottle may be different than a ratio ofthe lengths of the two outline elements of the second bottle. Asdiscussed above, same outline elements may be used to determine theproduct type of the first and second bottles located adjacent to eachother. The lengths of the outline elements may be determined by system100 using the image received from the image capturing device 125. Theratio of the lengths of the same two outline elements may be used tomake this determination. For example, if the length of the neck 1814 ofa Gatorade® bottle of 100 ml may be 0.59 inches and the length of thebase 1822 of a Gatorade® bottle of 500 ml may be 2.59 inches, the ratioof these lengths is 0.59/1.59, which is equal to 0.37. Further, if thelength of the neck 1814 of a Pepsi® bottle of 100 ml may be 0.86 inchesand the length of the base 1822 of a Pepsi® bottle of 500 ml may be 3.46inches, the ratio of these lengths is 0.86/3.46, which is equal to 0.24.Database 140 may store ratios of the outline elements for every bottleof every size in the retail store. System 100 may use this informationto calculate ratios of multiple combinations of the outline elements.For example, system 100 may also calculate the ratio of lengths of thebody 1818 or lengths of the bores 1802, etc. for same product ofdifferent sizes. The ratios may be previously calculated and stored indatabase 140 or may be calculated in real-time. Based on the determinedratios and the calculated ratios, the product size of the first and thesecond bottles may be determined. For example, system 100 may comparethe above calculated ratios for the Gatorade® bottles and the Pepsi®bottles with the stored ratios of the same bottles to determine the sizeof the bottles. Further as discussed in the present disclosure, system100 may use the determine sizes to identify the product types.

According to the present disclosure, at least one processor may furtherbe configured to use different two outline elements for the first andsecond bottles to determine a first product size for the first bottleand a second product size for the second bottle differs than the firstproduct size. FIG. 20 illustrates an exemplary method 1900 ofidentifying multiple bottles, consistent with the present disclosure.Exemplary method 1900 may include a step of receiving image depicting astore shelf (step 1922), a step of analyzing the image to detect a firstbottle and a second bottle (step 1924), a step of identifying visualcharacteristics of the first bottle and second bottle (step 1926), astep of identifying different two outline elements for the first andsecond bottle (step 1928), a step of determining the size of the firstbottle and the second bottle (1930), a step of determining the producttype of the first bottle and the second bottle and a step of determiningthe product type of the first bottle and the second bottle (1932). Asdiscussed above, outline elements may be used to determine the producttype of the first and second bottles located adjacent to each other.According to the present disclosure, the two outline elements used forthe first bottle may be different from the two outline elements used forthe second bottle. For example, length of the neck 1814 of the firstbottle and length of the base 1822 of the first bottle may be used todetermine the product size for the first bottle whereas, length of thecollar 1806 of the second bottle and length of the body 1818 of thesecond bottle is used to determine the product size for the secondbottle. For example, the length of the neck 1814 of a Gatorade® bottlemay be 0.59 inches and the length of the base 1822 of a Gatorade® bottlemay be 2.59 inches, this information may be used to calculate the sizeof the Gatorade® bottle. Further, for calculating the size of the Pepsi®bottle, the length of the neck 1814 and the length of the base 1822 arenot used as outline elements. Different outline elements for example,length of the collar 1806 of the Pepsi® bottle and length of the body1818 of the Pepsi® may be used instead. Product type can be furtherdetermined based on the size of the first bottle and the second bottlein conjunction with visual characteristics of the first bottle and thesecond bottle. Product type may be determined based on the product sizeas discussed previously in the present disclosure.

According to the present disclosure, the at least one processor mayfurther be configured to receive an image which may depict a firstbottle and a second bottle that may not located adjacent to each other.For example, the second bottle may be located at exact same location ona shelf above or below the shelf on which the first bottle may belocated. System 100 may be configured to use same two outline elements(for e.g. neck 1814 and body 1818) for the first and second bottles todetermine a first product size for the first bottle and a second productsize for the second bottle. The size of the first product may differfrom the size of the second product. The ratio of the lengths of the twooutline elements (for e.g. length of neck 1814 and length of body 1818)of the first bottle may be different than the ratio of the lengths ofthe two outline elements (for e.g. length of neck 1814 and length ofbody 1818) of the second bottle as discussed above. System 100 mayfurther be configured to use different two outline elements for thefirst and second bottles as described above to determine a first productsize for the first bottle and a second product size for the secondbottle. According to the present disclosure, the at least one processormay further be configured to perform a first action associated with thefirst bottle upon determining that the first bottle and the secondbottles may located adjacent each other, may associated with a commonbrand, and may have different sizes. In accordance with the presentembodiments, the at least one image may be further analyzed to detect asecond bottle. Furthermore, the at least one image may be furtheranalyzed to determine a second group of at least one ratio of twolengths associated with the second bottle. Moreover, the second group ofat least one ratio may be used to determine a second size of the secondbottle. In some examples, a first action associated with the bottle maybe performed (for example the first action may be selected based on thedetermined size of the bottle), and a second action associated with thesecond bottle (for example the second action may be selected based onthe determined size of the second bottle), where the second action maydiffer from the first action. In other examples, a first action may beperformed when the size of the first bottle is identical to the size ofthe second bottle, and a second action may be performed when the size ofthe first bottle is different than the size of the second bottle.Different sizes bottles placed next to each may indicate a misplacedproduct.

For example, system 100 may determine that the first bottle and thesecond bottle of a common may be located adjacent each other but mayhave varying sizes. System 100 may then initiate a first actionassociated with respect to the first bottle based on this determination.Consistent with the present disclosure, server 135 may generate in realtime, actionable tasks to improve store execution. These tasks may helpemployees of retail store 105 to quickly address situations that cannegatively impact revenue and customer experience in the retail store105. According to the present disclosure, a first action may refer toserver 135 causing real-time automated alerts when products may be outof shelf, when pricing may be inaccurate, when intended promotions maybe absent, and/or when there may be issues with planogram compliance,among others. For example, a Coca-Cola® bottle of 100 ml may beerroneously placed in the shelf adjacent Coca-Cola® bottles of 500 mlwhich may result in issues with planogram compliance. In this case, auser 120 may be updated of the status of the first bottle via GUI 500 onoutput device 145. For example, according to the present disclosure, anaction may refer to system 100 searching and/or updating the inventoryassociated with the first bottle. For example, a Coca-Cola® bottle of100 ml may be erroneously placed in the shelf adjacent to Coca-Cola®bottles of 500 ml. When an image of the shelf carrying 100 ml Coca-Cola®bottles is captured, it may lead to discrepancy in the inventory as oneof the 100 ml bottles may be determined to be out of place. Thisinformation may be used by system 100 to transmit an alert, for example,to user 120 via GUI 500 on output device 145 to correctly update theinventory. An alert may be transmitted to the user by sending a pictureof the shelf via a text message or an email, sending a link to a webpage with a picture of the product, sending a text message or an emaildisclosing the shelf number, sending a picture of the product via a textmessage or an email, etc.

According to the present disclosure, the action may also includeupdating the price of the bottle. For example, the price associated witha Gatorade® bottle may mistakenly be stored as $5 instead of $3. System100 may determine a price of $5 for the Gatorade® bottle which isactually priced at $3. Based on the difference in the size of the firstbottle and the second bottle, as discussed above in reference to FIGS.19 and 20, system 100 may recognize this discrepancy and may transmit analert, for example, to user 120 via GUI 500 on output device 145 to takea corrective action.

According to the present disclosure, an action may comprise any actionconsistent with this disclosure. For example, system 100 may provideinformation regarding the first bottle, price, size or any other visualcharacteristics or contextual data associated with the bottle to user120 via GUI 500 on output device 145. Additionally or alternatively, theaction may comprise storing the determined size of the bottle in memory226 for further processing the information in accordance with otheraspects of this disclosure. An action may also include updating thedatabase every time a confidence level and/or threshold are determinedaccording to FIG. 18D. An action may also include informing the headoffice of the retail chain, sending the data to differentbranches/locations of the retail store, place an order for adding newstock, etc.

According to the present disclosure, the at least one processor mayfurther be configured to perform a second action associated with thesecond bottle, wherein the second action differs from the first actionwhen the determined size of the second bottle differs from thedetermined size of the first bottle. According to the presentdisclosure, upon determining that the first bottle and the secondbottles may be located adjacent each other, may be associated with acommon brand, and may have different sizes, a second action, associatedwith the second bottle, different from the first action may beperformed. Different sizes bottles placed next to each other mayindicate a misplaced product. The actions may be substantially the sameas those discussed above, however, the action performed for differentbottles may be different. For example, if the first action maycorrespond to sending an alert to user 120 associated with the firstbottle, the second action may correspond to storing the determined sizeof the second bottle in memory 226 for further processing theinformation.

According to the present disclosure, a first action may be performedwhen the size of the first bottle is identical to the size of the secondbottle. For example, when the size of the first bottle is identical tothe size of the second bottle, system 100 may use the visualcharacteristics and contextual data to further determine the producttype as discussed above on accordance with the present disclosure. Ifthe product type of the first bottle may be different from the secondbottle, system 100 may perform a first action. The first action mayinclude sending an alert to user 120 via GUI 500 on output device 145.For example, system 100 may detect two Coca-Cola® 100 ml bottlesadjacent to each other. System 100 may further determine based on visualcharacteristics, for example the label or the logo or the color of thebottle, that the first bottle may be a Coke Zero® bottle and the secondbottle may be a Diet Coke® bottle. This information may be communicatedto user 120 to take the necessary steps. This information mayadditionally or alternatively be used to update the inventory, checkplanogram compliance, check other product related data, updateconfidence levels, update thresholds, etc.

According to the present disclosure, system 100 may detect bottlesmissing or an empty shelf space based on the received image. In responseto this determination, system 100 may take any of the actions discussedabove. For example, system 100 may detect that bottles are missing froma shelf. In response to this determination, system 100 may check theinventory or alert the user 120 or update the inventory database, ortake any other relevant action. According to the present disclosure,system 100 may be able to determine the number of bottles missing fromthe shelf based on image analysis. System 100 may receive an image ofthe entire shelf with multiple bottles of different products placed onthe shelf. System 100 may compare the received image to the image forthat shelf stored in database 140. Based on this comparison, system 100may determine if a product may be missing or out of stock and performany of the actions discussed above.

In accordance with the present disclosure, system 100 may additionallyreceive an image of a shelf and products placed on the shelf with atime-stamp. System 100 may request for location data of the receivedimage. System 100 may receive temporally separate images of the sameshelf at the same location. System 100 may analyze the two temporallyseparated images. System 100 may also compare both the images with thestored planogram. Based on the analysis, system 100 may determine if aproduct may be missing or misplaced and send a notification to user 120or perform any of the actions discussed above.

According to the present disclosure, a system for processing imagescaptured in a retail store and differentiating between products withsimilar visual appearances is disclosed. The system may include at leastone processor. By way of example, FIG. 1 illustrates system 100, whichmay include image processing unit 130, which in turn may include server135. As discussed above, server 135 may include processing device 202,which may include at least one processor. System 100 may use price as aninput for visual product recognition. Price may be used to differentiatebetween products with similar visual characteristics. For example, on ashelf containing heads of lettuce and heads of cabbage, the visualcharacteristics of the lettuce and of the cabbage may be very similar.If the lettuce is sold at a first price range and the cabbage is sold ata second price range, then determining which of the products areassociated with the first price range and which of the products areassociated with the second price range may be an effective way fordifferentiating between the lettuce and the cabbage. Price may also beused to differentiate between different tiers of products within thesame category of product. For example, price may be an effective way todifferentiate between premium or brand name products (e.g., a bottle ofTYLENOL®) and generic or store brand products (e.g., a bottle ofacetaminophen), which may appear visually similar in low resolutionimages. In another example, price may be an effective way todifferentiate between regular produce, associated with a first pricerange, and organic produce, associated with a second price range. Whilethe present disclosure provides examples of the products which may bedifferentiated based on price, it should be noted that aspects of thedisclosure in their broadest sense, are not limited to the disclosedproducts.

Price may also be used to differentiate between products whencharacteristics of the products or contextual information relating tothe products is not visibly captured in an image of a product shelf. Forexample, a product may be partially obscured from the view of capturingdevice 125 when the image is captured, the result being that system 100receives only a portion of the image data needed to identify the productbased on the characteristics of the product. By identifying a priceassociated with the product, system 100 may identify the product bydetermining that the price falls within a price range associated with aproduct of a specific type.

Price may be used in conjunction with any of the identifyingcharacteristics or contextual information disclosed herein todifferentiate between products identified in an image. For example,system 100 may use characteristics of products, e.g. the size and shapeof the product, to differentiate between categories of products andfurther use the price of the products to differentiate between productswithin a category. For example, system 100 may receive an image of arefrigerated shelf containing orange juice cartons and milk cartons. Thesize and shape of the cartons may be used to differentiate between theorange juice and the milk. Once system 100 has determined which of theproducts are milk products, for example, prices of milk can be used tofurther differentiate between, for example, organic milk, pasteurizedmilk, and flavored milk, the organic milk being associated with a firstprice range, the pasteurized milk being associated with a second pricerange, and the flavored milk being associated with a third price range.

In some aspects, system 100 may differentiate between products based ona brand name associated with a product, a logo associated with theproduct, a text associated with the product, a color associated with theproduct, a position of the product, and so forth and furtherdifferentiate between the products based on price ranges in which theproducts fall. For example, continuing with the milk example, a systemmay determine that a subset of the milk is associated with a particularsupplier, e.g., Hiland Dairy®, by detecting a logo or brand nameassociated therewith and further determine that there are products infour different price ranges included in the image. Those four priceranges may represent the different price ranges between, for example,skim milk, whole milk, organic milk, and chocolate milk.

According to the present disclosure, the at least one processor may beconfigured to perform a method for processing images captured in aretail store. By way of example, system 100 may perform a method forprocessing images captured in a retail store. It is also contemplatedthat the method, or a portion thereof, may be performed by any componentof system 100 consistent with this disclosure, including, for example,the at least one processor. The method for processing images may includedetermining whether the product is of a first type or a second type. Thedisclosed method may determine the type of the product based ondetermining whether the price of the product falls within an associatedprice range.

FIG. 21A illustrates an exemplary method 2100 for determining whether aproduct is of a first type or of a second type based on a determinationthat a price associated with the product falls within a first or secondprice range. As will be appreciated from this disclosure, method 2100 isexemplary only and modifications may be made by, for example, adding,combining, removing, and/or rearranging one or more steps of process2100.

According to the present disclosure the at least one processor may beconfigured to receive at least one image depicting a store shelf havinga product displayed thereon. Further, according to the presentdisclosure the method for processing images captured in a retail storemay include receiving at least one image depicting a store shelf havinga product displayed thereon. By way of example, method 2100 may includea step of receiving an image depicting a shelf (step 2110). The at leastone image may be received from capturing device 125, over network 150,or in any other manner disclosed herein. The at least one image may bereceived by system 100 or any component thereof configured to receive animage. As also discussed above, the image may include image data. By wayof example, FIG. 23 illustrates an exemplary image 2300 that may bereceived by system 100 during step 2110 of method 2100. As illustratedin FIG. 23, image 2300 may include one or more shelves 2301, 2302, 2303,with one or more products 2312, 2314, 2322, 2324, 2332, etc. positionedon shelves 2301, 2302, 2303. While the present disclosure providesexamples of the images captured in a retail store, it should be notedthat aspects of the disclosure in their broadest sense, are not limitedto the disclosed images.

In accordance with this disclosure, the at least one processor may beconfigured to analyze the at least one image to detect the productrepresented in the at least one image. Further, according to the presentdisclosure the method for processing images captured in a retail storemay include analyzing the at least one image to detect the productrepresented in the at least one image. For example, method 2100 mayinclude a step of analyzing the image to detect a product positioned onthe shelf (step 2112). The product may be detected according to anymethod or embodiment disclosed herein. By way of example, during step2112, system 100 may detect any of the plurality of products in image2300, for example, product 2332. Product 2332 may be detected in image2300 based any one or more distinctive characteristic of product 2332,for example, its color, size, shape, orientation, or othercharacteristic that distinguishes it from the background of the imageand from surrounding products. Contextual information may also be usedto detect a product. For example, system 100 may detect product 2332 bya determination that it is on shelf 2302 or that it is associated with,for example, product 2334, or that it is associated with, for example,price label E2. Further, system 110 may detect a product using one ormore algorithms similar to those discussed in connection with imageprocessing unit 130. For example, the product may be detected usingobject detection algorithms, using machine learning algorithms trainedto detect products using training examples, using artificial neuralnetworks configured to detect products, and so forth. While the presentdisclosure provides exemplary methods of detecting one or more products,it should be noted that aspects of the disclosure in their broadestsense, are not limited to the disclosed methods.

In accordance with this disclosure, the at least one processor may beconfigured to analyze the at least one image to determine a priceassociated with the detected product. Further, according to the presentdisclosure the method for processing images captured in a retail storemay include analyzing the at least one image to determine or identify aprice associated with the detected product. The price may be determinedor identified by any method consistent with this disclosure. Forexample, the at least one image may be analyzed to detect a labelassociated with the product. The detected label may include one or moreprice labels, such as for example, A1, B1, B2, C3, etc. A label may beassociated with a product based on its proximity to the product, itsattachment to the product itself, and/or its attachment to a shelfassociated with the product, etc. The word label as used in thisdisclosure should be interpreted to include any label of any shape orsize and in any orientation (e.g., stickers, flags, etc.) and may bepresented in any type of media (e.g., printed, electronically displayed,hand-written, etc.). Consistent with this disclosure, system 100 maydetect price labels in an image by detecting common symbols (e.g., $, €,¥, etc.) or phrases (e.g., “sale,” “buy now,” etc.) associated withprice labels. In other embodiments, system 100 may detect a label usingone or more algorithms similar to those discussed above in connectionwith image processing unit 130. For example, the label may be detectedusing object detection algorithms, using machine learning algorithmstrained to detect labels using training examples, using artificialneural networks configured to detect labels, and so forth.

A detected label may be further analyzed to identify a price indicatorprinted on the price label (e.g., by using an OCR algorithm, using anartificial neural network configured to identify printed priceindicators, and so forth). The price indicator may be any string ofnumerical, alphabetical, or alphanumeric characters that identifies theprice of an item (e.g., “$2.49,” “2 for $10,” “50 cents,” “Two-Dollars,”etc.). The price indicator may also include, for example, promotional ortemporary pricing information (e.g., “50% off,” “½ Off,” “Buy 1 get 2Free,” etc.). By way of example, with reference to box 2310 of FIG. 23,system 100 may detect price label A3 and price label B3 and furtheranalyze both price label A3 and price label B3 to identify a priceindicator present on each label A3, B3. In some cases, only part of theprice of an item may be identified (for example, due to low resolution,poor image quality, occlusions, and so forth). For example, in a twodigits price the tens digit may be identified while the units digit maybe too blurred to be recognized, and the price may be identified with apartial accuracy. In another example, the cents of a price may beprinted in a small font that may be unrecognizable by the system, whilethe full dollars may be printer in a larger font size that isrecognizable, and the price may be identified with a partial accuracy.In yet another example, part of the pricing information may be occluded,and the images may depict only part of the pricing information, forexample depicting “Half” and “Off” from a label saying “Half Price Off”.The system may identify the depicted words or letters, and may use theidentified parts to estimate the actual price. While the presentdisclosure provides exemplary techniques for detecting labels associatedwith a product, it should be noted that aspects of the disclosure intheir broadest sense, are not limited to the disclosed techniques fordetecting labels.

According to the present disclosure, the determination of the priceassociated with the detected product includes detecting a label attachedto the store shelf, and the at least one processor is further configuredto analyze the at least one image to recognize a price indicator on thedetected label. A method for processing images according to the presentdisclosure may further include detecting a label attached to theproduct, and analyzing the at least one image to recognize a priceindicator on the detected label. As an example, in FIG. 23, price labelsA3, B3, C3, D3, E3, and F2 are visible on the top shelf 2303. System100, upon receiving the image of FIG. 23, may detect, for example, pricelabel A3 and may further detect a price indicator on price label A3. Theprice determined from the price indicator may then be associated withproduct 2312 based on, for example, product 2312 being positioneddirectly above price label A3. It should be appreciated that system 100may first detect product 2312 (e.g., by performing step 2112) and thendetect the price label A3 (e.g., by performing step 2114), system 100may first detect the price label A3 (e.g., by performing step 2114) andthen detect product 2312 (e.g., by performing step 2112), or system 100may detect price label A3 and product 2312 simultaneously, for exampleusing an artificial neural network configured to detect both productsand labels. In either scenario, the end result is a determined priceassociated with product 2312.

In accordance with the present disclosure, the determination of theprice associated with the detected product may include detecting a labelattached to the product, and the at least one processor may further beconfigured to analyze the at least one image to recognize a priceindicator on the detected label. A method for processing imagesaccording to the present disclosure may further include analyzing the atleast one image to recognize a price indicator on the detected label. Asan example, in FIG. 23, a price label may be detected on product label2338, which is physically attached to product 2337. System 100 maydetect a price indicator on label 2338 and associate the determinedprice with product 2337 based on product label 2338 being attached toproduct 2337. It should be appreciated that system 100 may first detectproduct 2337 (e.g., by performing step 2112) and then detect the priceindicator on product label 2338 (e.g., by performing step 2114), system100 may first detect the price indicator on product label 2338 (e.g., byperforming step 2114) and then detect product 2337 (e.g., by performingstep 2112), or system 100 may detect product 2337 and product label 2338simultaneously, for example using an artificial neural networkconfigured to detect both products and labels. In either scenario, theend result is a determined price associated with product 2337.

According to the present disclosure, the determination of the priceassociated with the detected product may include detecting a label inclose proximity to the product, and the method may further compriseanalyzing the at least one image to recognize a price indicator on thedetected label. As an example, in FIG. 23, system may detect product2334 on the middle shelf 2302. As illustrated in FIG. 23, product 2334may lack a price indictor on its own label and may not be positioneddirectly above any shelf label. For example, product 2334 may bepositioned between price label E2* and F2. In this example, system 100may determine that product 2334 is associated with price label E2* basedon product 2334 being in slightly closer proximity to price label E2*than to price label F2. In another example, system 100 may determinethat product 2334 is associated with price label E2* rather than pricelabel F2 due to a brand name or logo appearing on price label E2* andproduct 2334 and not appearing on price label F2. In yet anotherexample, system 100 may determine that product 2334 is associated withprice label E2* due to a brand name or logo appearing on price label F2that differs from a second brand name or a second logo appearing onproduct 2334. In another example, system 100 may determine that product2334 is associated with price label E2* rather than price label F2 dueto a product size specified on price label E2* that corresponds to thesize of product 2334, or due to a product size specified on price labelF2 that do not match the size of product 2334. In yet another example,system 100 may determine that price label E2* corresponds to a firstproduct category while price label F2 corresponds to a second productcategory (for example from an image or text appearing on the pricelabel), and based on the category of product 2334 (for example asdetermined by analyzing the images) matching the first product category,system 100 may determine that product 2334 is associated with pricelabel E2* rather than price label F2. While the present disclosureprovides exemplary techniques for determining a price associated with aproduct, it should be noted that aspects of the disclosure in theirbroadest sense, are not limited to the disclosed techniques fordetermining prices.

In accordance with this disclosure, the at least one processor may beconfigured to determine that the detected product is either a first typeof product or a second type of product. Further, according to thepresent disclosure the method for processing images captured in a retailstore may include determining that the detected product is either afirst type of product or a second type of product, wherein the firsttype of products and the second type of products may have similar visualappearances. Each of the first type of product and the second type ofproduct may be associated with a different price range. For example,method 2100 may contain step 2116 of determining that the product is ofa first type or a second type based on the price falling within a firstor second price range. In some examples, the type of a detect productmay be determined to be of a plurality of alternative types of products(for example, of two alternative types of products, of three alternativetypes of products, of four alternative types of products, of more thanfour alternative types of products, and so forth).

As used in this disclosure, the term “type of product” should beinterpreted broadly. For example, if an image to be processed containsproducts from different categories, a type of product may be interpretedas a classification of the category in which the product falls. As anexample, an image may contain a visual representation of a shelf in anelectronics store and there may be televisions, projectors, audiosystems, and other categories or products present. In that circumstance,the products may be differentiated into a first type comprised oftelevisions, a second type comprised of projectors, and a third typecomprised of audio systems. Additionally or alternatively, in the sameexample, the products may be differentiated into a first categorycomprising video equipment, into which both televisions and projectorsmay fall, and a second category comprising audio equipment, into whichthe audio systems may fall. In another example, image 2300 may containbeverages of different types, each type representing a category ofdrink. For example, the first type of product may be soft drinks and thesecond type of product may be sports drinks.

Consistent with this disclosure, a type of product may also refer to aspecific name brand of a product or otherwise may be used todifferentiate between products within the same or similar categories. Byway of example, image 2300 of FIG. 23 contains several differentbeverage products. When system 100, for example, analyzes image 2300, itmay use a narrow definition of “type of product” such that it maydifferentiate between, for example, product 2322 and product 2324, whichare within the same category (e.g., beverages) and have a similar visualappearance. As used in this disclosure two products may be deemed tohave a similar visual appearance if they have similarity of one or moreof shapes, sizes, colors, color schemes, text or logos on the products,etc. It is contemplated, however, that products having similar shapesmay be deemed to have a similar visual appearance even if they havedifferent sizes, colors, logos, etc. Likewise, for example, productshaving similar logos may be deemed to have a similar visual appearanceeven if they include different sizes, colors, shapes, etc.

A first type of product (represented by product 2322) may be, forexample, a first brand of beverage and a second type of product(represented by product 2324) may be, for example, a second brand ofbeverage. For example, product 2322 may be a soda distributed by CompanyA and product 2324 may be a soda distributed by Company B.

Consistent with this disclosure, a first type of product and a secondtype of product may be associated with different ingredients. Forexample, the first type of product might be gluten free bread and thesecond type of product might be regular bread that includes gluten. Asillustrated in FIG. 23, product 2336 and product 2337 are examples oftwo products that appear identical or similar, but that may havedifferent ingredients. For example, product 2336 may be a strawberrysports drink distributed by Company X and may be determined to be of afirst type whereas product 2337 may be a grape sports drink distributedby Company X and may be determined to be of a second type. As anotherexample, product 2336 may be a sugar-free beverage and product 2337 maybe a regular beverage, which includes sugar. Product 2336 may bedetermined to be associated with a price detected on price label E2whereas product 2337 may be determined to be associated with a pricedetected on product label 2338.

Consistent with this disclosure, a first type of product and a secondtype of product may be associated with different sizes. For example, thefirst type of product might be a container (e.g., a bottle) containingone liter of soda, whereas the second type of product might be a bottlecontaining two liters of soda. Product 2340 and product 2342 of FIG. 23provide an example of two types of products that have similarappearances except for their difference in sizes. Product 2340 may be,for example, a first type of product and product 2342 may be a secondtype of product. As another example, there may be packages of differentsizes (volumes, weights, etc.) of the same product (e.g., cookies,sugar, salt, etc.) that system 100 may detect in image 2300. System 100may classify the different sizes of packages as corresponding todifferent types of product.

It is contemplated that the scope of the term “type of product” may alsobe set by user 120, or may be based on any other input, to meet theneeds of the user. For example, a store manager may define the termnarrowly, such that it can facilitate differentiating between brandnames. Alternatively the store manager may define the term broadly, suchthat it may facilitate grouping products by category (e.g., audio vs.video equipment, soft drinks vs. sports drinks, etc.). While the presentdisclosure provides exemplary product characteristics that may be usedto classify products into different types of products, it should benoted that aspects of the disclosure in their broadest sense, are notlimited to the disclosed characteristics or methods of classifyingproducts into types of products.

A price range may be associated with a type of product in any mannerconsistent with this disclosure. It is contemplated that the price rangefor a type of product may be provided, for example, by user 120, or maybe determined by system 100, or by some combination thereof. A pricerange may be stored in database 140, elsewhere in memory device 226.

In some exemplary embodiments, the price range for a type of product maybe provided by input from user 120 or supplier 115. For example, user120 or supplier 115 input of price ranges associated with variousproducts may be received as a response to a request through outputdevices 145, as an initial input when setting up system 100, or in anymanner consistent with this disclosure. For example, the first pricerange associated with the first type of product may be input by anemployee or manager of a store. The employee or manager may additionallyprovide the second price range associated with the second type ofproduct. As an example, an employee may provide that gluten free breadis sold at a price of $4 to $7 per loaf and that regular bread is soldat a price of $2 to $4 per loaf.

In another example, supplier 115 may provide the price range associatedwith a product. In this example, supplier 115 of the first type ofproduct and the second type of product may provide a first price rangefor the first type of product and a second price range for the secondtype of product. It is also contemplated that first supplier 115A mayprovide a first price range for a first type of product and secondsupplier 115B may provide a second price range for a second type ofproduct. Supplier 115 may provide price ranges in association with aplanogram.

It is also contemplated that a price range may be associated with a typeof product in response to a determination that a detected product (i.e.product detected in, for example, image 2300) does not fall within aknown price range. For example, system 100 may perform all or part ofmethod 2100 and determine that a determined price associated with adetected product is not associated with a first price range or a secondprice range. In response, system 100 may use the determined priceassociated with the detected product to establish a price range forproducts of that type. Additionally or alternatively, system 100 may, inresponse to the determination, request input of a price range to beassociated with the detected product. These examples are discussedfurther below in relation to FIG. 21B and FIG. 22B.

A price range may also be associated with a type of product absent anyinput from, for example user 120 or supplier 115. For example, a systemmay employ any of the methods disclosed herein to analyze an image todetermine that a product is of a first type (e.g., by identifyingproduct characteristics) and further analyze the image to identify aprice associated with that product (e.g., by detecting a label anddetecting a price indicator on that label). As an example, step 2114 ofmethod 2100 may be performed to determine the price associated with aknown product type and the price determined in step 2114 may be storedin association with that product type. After performing this analysis anumber of times, a range of prices at which a type of product was soldmay be determined. This range may be stored as a first price range. Thisexemplary embodiment may allow for the first price range to be adjustedover time as the price at which the first type of product is soldchanges over time. The same steps can be performed with respect to thesecond type of product.

As another example, a system may access stored transaction data toidentify a range of prices at which a product of a known type has beensold to determine a price range associated with the type of product. Forexample, system 100 may determine a type of product by any methodconsistent with this disclosure, including by using identifyingcharacteristics of the product or contextual information related to theproduct. System 100 may access stored transaction data, for example frommemory 226 or database 140, to determine the historical sale price ofthe product. System 100 may determine a price range associated with theproduct based on the transaction history and store it in associationwith the product, for example in database 140.

As another example, system 100 may be configured to access catalog data244, contract-related data 242, product-type model data 240, or otherdata stored in memory 226 to determine a present price for a product andto determine a price range associated with the product based on thatpresent price. For example, system 100 may be configured to accessdatabase 140 and identify a first catalog price for a first type ofproduct and a second catalog price for a second type of product. As usedin this disclosure the term “catalog price” may refer to a price of aproduct determined from any of catalog data 244, contract-related data242, product-type model data 240, or other data stored in memory 226.Based on the first and second catalog price, system 100 may beconfigured to determine a first and second price range. In anotherexample, system 100 may identify a first catalog price for a first typeof product at a first time and identify a second catalog price for thefirst type of product at a second time and determine a price range forthe first type of product based on the first and second catalog price.The first and second times may refer to a time of the day, a time of theweek, a time of the month, a time of the year, a season, a time of theyear associated with a particular event, festival, or celebration, etc.

In some examples, system 100 may access online catalogs to determine aprice range for a selected product type, for example, in similar retailstores, in the geographical area of the retail store, and so forth. Insome examples, system 100 may receive information about price range fora selected product type in other retail stores, for example based on ananalysis of images captured in the other retail stores to determine theprice from a label associated with the product type in the other retailstores, based on transactions of sales of the selected product type inthe other retail stores, and so forth.

In some embodiments, system 100 may obtain a plurality of prices for aselected product type and use the plurality of prices to calculate aprice range for the selected product type. For example, the plurality ofprices may be obtained from catalogs, from image analysis determiningthe price of the product type from labels in one or more retail storesas described above, from a database, from transactions of sales of theselected product type in one or more retail stores, and so forth. In oneexample, the price range may be selected to include the entire pluralityof prices, for example by selecting the lowest and highest prices fromthe plurality of prices and using them as the boundaries defining theprice range. In another example, a subset of the plurality of prices maybe selected, for example by removing outliers from the plurality ofprices using an outliers removal algorithm, and the price range may beselected according to the selected subset of the plurality of prices. Insome examples, a distribution of the plurality of prices may beestimated, and the price range may be selected according to thedistribution. For example, the estimated distribution may include anormal distribution, and the price range may be selected as a functionof the distribution mean and variance or the standard deviation of thedistribution, for example the price range may be selected to be a rangeof a selected number (for example 1, 2, 3, etc.) of standard deviationsaround the mean. In another example, the estimated distribution mayinclude a histogram of the plurality of prices, and the price range maybe selected to include all bins of the histogram that are above aselected threshold.

While the present disclosure provides examples of ways to determineprice ranges for products, it should be noted that aspects of thedisclosure in their broadest sense, are not limited to the disclosedmethods of determining price ranges. It is also to be understood thatthere is no limit as to how broad or narrow a price range may be. Forexample, a price range may be a single number (e.g., a catalog price) orit may be any range of numbers. For example, a first price range mayinclude all prices below a select first threshold price. In anotherexample, a second price range may include all prices above a selectedsecond threshold price. In yet another example, a third price range mayinclude all prices between two selected prices. Additionally, a firstand second price range my overlap and there may be more than a first andsecond price range (e.g., a third price range, a fourth price range,etc.).

A price range provided by a user, such as supplier 115 or user 120, ordetermined in any manner disclosed herein, may be stored in associationwith a type of product in, for example, product type model data 240,contract-related data 242, (e.g., in a planogram relating to the producttype), catalog data 244, inventory data 246, or any other dataconsistent with this disclosure and may be stored in database 140,memory device 226, or any other type of storage media.

In accordance with the present disclosure, the at least one processormay be configured to determine that the detected product is of the firsttype of product when the determined price falls within a first pricerange associated with the first type of product. Further, according tothe present disclosure the method for processing images captured in aretail store may include determining that the detected product is of thefirst type of product when the determined price falls within the firstprice range. For example, a determined price associated with a detectedproduct may fall within a first price range associated with a first typeof product, in which instance, the detected product may be determined tobe of the first type. In one example, a price may be deemed to fallwithin a price range if the price is greater than or equal to the lowestprice in the price range and if the price is less than or equal to thehighest price in the price range. In another example, a price may bedeemed to fall within a price range if the price is greater than orequal to the lowest price in the price range. In yet another example, aprice may be deemed to fall within a price range if the price is lessthan or equal to the highest price in the price range. As an example,system 100 may determine a price associated with a product, as discussedin relation to step 2114 of method 2100, and further determine that thedetermined price falls within a first price range. Determining whether adetermined price falls within a first price range may comprise any meansfor comparing a determined price with the first price range. Forexample, determining whether a determined price falls within a firstprice range may comprise the operation represented by step 2125 ofprocess 2102 and process 2104 (FIG. 21C), which asks whether thedetermined price falls within a first price range. If the determinedprice does fall within the first price range at step 2125 (“YES”), thenthe product may be determined to be a product of the first type as shownby determination 2130.

As an example, product 2312 of FIG. 23 may be associated with adetermined price of $3.99, as discussed in relation to step 2114. System100 may, for example, determine that a first price range is from $2.99to $3.99 and a second price range is from, for example, $1.99 to $2.99.Based on this information, system 100 may determine that product 2312 isof the first type because the determined price (e.g., $3.99) fallswithin the first price range (i.e., is greater than or equal to $2.99and is less than or equal to $3.99).

According to the present disclosure, the at least one processor may beconfigured to determine that the type of the detected product is thefirst type of product when the determined price is greater than thefirst price range. Further, according to the present disclosure themethod for processing images captured in a retail store may includedetermining that the type of the detected product is of the first typeof product when the determined price is higher than the first pricerange. For example, the first price range associated with the first typeof product may be higher than the second price range associated with thesecond type of product. For example, a determined price may be higherthan a first price range, which may also be higher than a second pricerange. System 100 may determine, therefore, that the detected productassociated with the determined price is of the first type of product. Asan example, product 2332 of FIG. 23 may be associated with a determinedprice of $4.99, as discussed in relation to step 2114. System 100 may,for example, determine that the highest price range, the first pricerange, is a range from $2.99 to $3.99 and a second price range is arange from, for example, $1.99 to $2.99. Based on this information,system 100 may determine that product 2332 is of the first type, eventhough the determined price (e.g., $4.99) for product 2332 does not fallwithin the first price range (e.g., $2.99 to $3.99).

In accordance with the present disclosure, the at least one processormay be configured to determine that the detected product is of thesecond type of product when the determined price falls within a secondprice range associated with the second type of product. Further,according to the present disclosure the method for processing imagescaptured in a retail store may include determining that the detectedproduct is of the second type of product when the determined price fallswithin the second price range. For example, a determined priceassociated with a detected product may fall within a second price rangeassociated with a second type of product, in which instance, thedetected product may be determined to be of the second type. As anexample, system 100 may determine a price associated with a product, asdiscussed in relation to step 2114 of method 2100, and further determinethat the determined price falls within a second price range. Determiningwhether a determined price falls within a second price range maycomprise any means for comparing a determined price with the secondprice range. Determining whether a determined price falls within asecond price range may comprise substantially the same steps asdetermining whether a determined price falls within a first price range,as discussed above. For example, determining whether a determined pricefalls within a second price range may comprise the operation representedby step 2135 of process 2102 and process 2104, which asks whether thedetermined price falls within a second price range. If the determinedprice does fall within the second price range at step 2135 (“YES”), thenthe product may be determined to be a product of the first type as shownby determination 2140.

As an example, product 2314 of FIG. 23 may be associated with adetermined price of $1.99, as discussed in relation to step 2114. System100 may, for example, determine that a first price range is a range from$2.99 to $3.99 and a second price range is a range from, for example,$1.99 to $2.99. Based on this information, system 100 may determine thatproduct 2314 is of the second type because the determined price (e.g.,$1.99) falls within the second price range (e.g., $1.99 to $2.99).

According to the present disclosure, the at least one processor may beconfigured to determine that the type of the detected product is thesecond type of product when the determined price is less than the secondprice range. Further, according to the present disclosure the method forprocessing images captured in a retail store may include determiningthat the type of the detected product is of the second type of productwhen the determined price is lower than the second price range. Forexample, the first price range associated with the first type of productmay be higher than the second price range associated with the secondtype of product. For example, a determined price may be lower than asecond price range, which may also be lower than a first price range.System 100 may determine, therefore, that the detected productassociated with the determined price is of the second type of product.As an example, product 2334 of FIG. 23 may be associated with adetermined price of $0.99, as discussed in relation to step 2114. System100 may, for example, determine that the highest price range, the firstprice range, is a range from $2.99 to $3.99 and a second price range isa range from, for example, $1.99 to $2.99. Based on this information,system 100 may determine that product 2334 is of the second type, eventhough the determined price for product 2334 does not fall within but isinstead lower than the second price range.

It is contemplated that the at least one processor may be configured todetermine that the detected product is of the first type of product whenthe determined price falls within a first price range associated withthe first type of product; and determine that the detected product is ofthe second type of product when the determined price falls within asecond price range associated with the second type of product. Forexample, system 100 may be configured such that it compares a determinedprice to both a first price range and a second price range. As anexample, system 100 may be configured to perform step 2125 and step 2135of process 2102 and process 2104. In step 2125, for example, system 100may determine whether the determined price falls within a first pricerange. As indicated by step 2130, when a determined price does fallwithin a first price range, then system 100 may determine the product tobe of the first type. When the determined price does not fall within thefirst price range, however, system 100 may determine whether thedetermined price falls within the second price range as illustrated atstep 2135. As indicated by step 2140, when a determined price does fallwithin the second price range, system 100 may determine the product tobe of the second type. It is contemplated that step 2125 and step 2135may be performed in any order, the order presented in FIGS. 21A and 21Bare exemplary only. It is also contemplated that step 2125 and step 2135may be performed at substantially the same time.

It is also contemplated that step 2125 and step 2135 be performedregardless of a prior positive determination at an earlier step. Forexample, following the order illustrated in process 2102, system 100 maydetermine, by performing step 2125, that a determined price falls withina first price range. Rather than proceeding to step 2130, system 100 mayproceed to step 2135 to ascertain the determined price also falls withinthe second price range. This may be particularly advantageous when, forexample, the first price range and the second price range overlap.

According to the present disclosure, the at least one processor may beconfigured to determine that the type of the detected product is of thefirst type of product when the determined price is higher than the firstprice range; and determine that the type of the detected product is ofthe second type of product when the determined price is lower than thesecond price range. For example, it is contemplated that in any oneimage received by a system configured to perform this method, there maybe multiple products detected and multiple prices determined, eachdetermined price corresponding to one or more products, and any oneprice may be higher than a first price range or lower than a secondprice range.

For example, system 100 may perform steps 2125 and 2135 of process 2102,for example, and determine that the determined price does not fallwithin either the first or second price range (e.g., “NO” at step 2125and “NO” at step 2135). Process 2102 may then proceed to step 2122 toascertain whether the determined price is higher than the first pricerange. When the determined price is higher than the first price range(“YES” at step 2122) then system 100 may determine that the product maybe of the first type at step 2130. When, however, the determined priceis not higher than the first price range (“NO” at step 2122) then system100 may proceed, for example, to step 2124 to ascertain whether thedetermined price is lower than the second price range. When thedetermined price is higher than the first price range (“YES” at step2142) then the product may be determined to be of the second type atdetermination 2140.

According to the present disclosure, the at least one processor may befurther configured to access a database including a first catalog pricefor a first type of product and a second catalog price for a second typeof product. In accordance with this disclosure, a determined priceassociated with a product may be used to determine that a product is ofa first type if the determined price matches a first catalog price. Asan example, system 100 may access catalog data 244, for example, fromdatabase 140 or another memory device to access catalog prices for anumber of products. In situations where a determined price is the sameas a catalog price, system 100 may determine that the product is of thetype associated with that catalog price. This manner of determining atype of a product may be used in association with or instead of themethod of determining a type of a product based on its price fallingwithin a first or second price range.

Further, in accordance with this disclosure, the determined price may bedifferent from the first catalog price and a second catalog price. Inaccordance with this disclosure, in circumstances where a determinedprice does not match a catalog price (e.g., the determined price isdifferent from a first catalog price and a second catalog price), a typeof the product may still be determined based on its relation to thecatalog prices. According to the present disclosure, the at least oneprocessor may be configured to determine that the type of the detectedproduct is the first type of product when the determined price is closerto a first catalog price than to a second catalog price.

System 100 may determine whether the determined price is closer to thefirst or second catalog price, for example, by determining differencesbetween the determined price and one or more of the first and secondcatalog prices. System 100 may determine that the determined price iscloser to the first catalog price if the difference of the price fromthe first catalog price is smaller than the difference of the price fromthe second catalog price. System 100 may use other methods or algorithmsof determining whether the determined price is closer to the first orsecond catalog price. When system 100 determines that the determinedprice is closest to the first catalog price, at step 2146 of exemplaryprocess 2104 (FIG. 21C), system may determine that the product may be ofthe first type at step 2130. Method 2100 may then proceed to step 2118.Conversely, when system 100 determines that the determined price isclosest to the second catalog price, at step 2148, system 100 maydetermine that the product may be of the second type at step 2140.Method 2100 may then proceed to step 2118.

By way of example, system 100 may perform the exemplary process 2104 todetermine whether a determined price falls within a first or secondprice range and how the determined price compares to a first and secondcatalog price. As shown in process 2104, system 100 may first determinewhether a determined price falls within either a first or second pricerange as discussed with regard to steps 2125 and 2135 in process 2102above. If the determined price does not fall within either the first orsecond price range, system 100 may, at step 2142, access database 140 toidentify a first and second catalog price stored therein. System 100 mayproceed at step 2144 to determine the catalog price (e.g., first orsecond catalog price) to which the determined price is the closest. Forexample, at step 2112, system 100 may determine that product 2336 ofFIG. 23 is associated with a determined price of $2.50. A first pricerange associated with a first type of product may be $0.99 to $1.99, forexample, and a second price range associated with a second type ofproduct may be $2.99 to $3.99, for example. In this example, system 100would determine at step 2125 and step 2135 that product 2336 is withinneither the first price range nor the second price range. System 100 maythe access database 140, for example, to locate a first and secondcatalog price. The first catalog price associated with the first type ofproduct may be, for example, $1.50 and the second catalog priceassociated with the second type of product may be, for example, $2.99.In this example, system 100 would proceed to step 2144 to determinewhether the determined price is closer to the first catalog price or thesecond catalog price and determine that the determined price ($2.50) iscloser to the second catalog price ($2.99) than to the first catalogprice ($1.50). Based on this determination, system 100 may determinethat the detected product is of the second type, as illustrated by steps2148 and 2140.

It is to be understood that steps 2122, 2124, 2142, and 2144 areexemplary only and are not necessary to perform method 2100 or step 2116thereof. Additionally, the steps disclosed in process 2102 and process2104 may be performed in any order.

In accordance with the present disclosure, the at least one processormay be configured to determine that the type of the detected product iseither the first type of product or the second type of product based onat least one of: a visual appearance of the detected product, a brandassociated with the detected product, a logo associated with thedetected product, text associated with the detected product, and a shapeof the detected product. Further, according to the present disclosurethe method for processing images captured in a retail store may includedetermining that the type of the detected product is either the firsttype of product or the second type of product based on at least one of:a visual appearance of the detected product, a brand associated with thedetected product, a logo associated with the detected product, textassociated with the detected product, and a shape of the detectedproduct. For example, as discussed above, a product type may bedetermined based on the physical characteristics of the product. As anexample, system 100 may, when analyzing image 2300, differentiatebetween product 2314 and product 2332 based on, for example, product2312 being of a larger size than product 2332.

It is contemplated that the method for differentiating between productsbased on a product's price as well as differentiating between productsbased on physical characteristics or contextual information may beperformed for any one analysis of an image. For example, referring toFIG. 22C, system 100 may analyze an image to detect characteristics of aproduct at step 2230 of exemplary process 2204, and to detect contextualinformation relating to the product at step 2232, and use thecharacteristics and contextual information to determine the type of theproduct at step 2234. System 100 may then proceed to perform method 2100to determine a price of the product and a type of the product based onthe price. It is also contemplated that method 2100 may be performedprior to or at substantially the same time as process 2204. This may beadvantageous when there are multiple similar objects that are sold at agiven price range but do not have similar characteristics or when thereare several objects of similar characteristics that are not sold at thesame price range.

As an example, the products in box 2330 of FIG. 23 may have very similarvisual and physical characteristics. Their characteristics may, forexample, be distinctive enough to differentiate them from the productsin box 2310, all of which may be of larger size than those in box 2330.System 100 may determine product 2314 is different from product 2332based on this characteristic. System 100 may, however, be unable todifferentiate between product 2332 and 2336 based on physicalcharacteristics of the products. System 100 may additionally performmethod 2100 to determine, for example, that product 2332 is associatedwith price label E2 and product 2336 is associated with price label F2.System 100 may then determine that product 2332 is of a first type andproduct F2 is of a second type, for example, based on their differentprice points.

In another example, system 100 may detect several types of basketballs,some of which are sold at a first price range and some of which are soldat a second price range. This may be sufficient, for example, todifferentiate between a generic basketball and a Nike® basketball, thegeneric basketball being sold at the second price range, but notsufficient to differentiate between, for example, a Nike® basketball anda Wilson® basketball, both the Nike® and Wilson® basketballs being soldat the first price range. System 100 may additionally detect, forexample, the distinctive Nike® logo to further differentiate between thebasketballs sold at the first price range.

In accordance with the present disclosure, the at least one processormay be configured to analyze the at least one image to detect apromotion associated with the detected product. Further, according tothe present disclosure the method for processing images captured in aretail store may include analyzing the at least one image to detect apromotion associated with the detected product. Analyzing an image todetect a promotion may include steps similar to those discussed abovewith respect to, for example, step 2114. A promotional price may beassociated with a detected product in any manner consistent with thisdisclosure, including directly associating a promotion indicator with aproduct or associating a promotion indicator with a price indicatorassociated with a product.

For example, a detected label may include promotional price information(e.g., 50% off). The disclosed method may include associating thepromotional price information with the price information of anotherdetected label. By way of example, system 100 may detect both pricelabel C2 and promotional label P1 within area 2320 of FIG. 23. Label C2may contain, for example, the regular price for product 2322 andpromotional label P1 may contain, for example, a sale price for product2322. System 100 may detect both price label C2 and promotional label P1and determine that the price associated with product 2322 is the priceindicated on C2 as modified by promotional label P1. The associationbetween price label C2 and promotional label P1 may be based on theproximity of the labels or other information on each of price label C2and promotional label P1. As an example, suppose the original price ofproduct 2322 is $4.00, price label C2 may contain the price indicator“$4.00” and promotional label P1 may contain the price indicator “$4.00,Now $2.99!” Based on, for example, each label being in proximity toproduct 2322 and each label containing some form of the text “$4.00,”system may determine that promotional price “$2.99” is associated withproduct 2322. Continuing this example, system 100 may determine thatproduct 2324, which is located slightly further from promotional labelP1, is associated with the original price reflected in price label C2(i.e. $4.00) based, for example, on a proximity of the price label C2 toproduct 2324. Proximity between labels and/or between labels andproducts may be determined, for example, based on a determination of adistance between the labels or between the products and labels based onanalysis of the image. It is contemplated that information such asdimensions of the retail store and/or of the shelves used to display theproduct may be provided to system 100 or may be obtained by system 100from database 140 to determine the distances.

In accordance with this disclosure, the at least one processor may befurther configured to, based on the detected promotion, determine thatthe type of the detected product is the first type of product even whenthe identified price does not fall within the first price range. Forexample, a price range may encompass a promotional price, and adetermined price, not based on the promotional price, may be outside ofthe price range even though the product is of the type represented bythe price range.

It is contemplated that system 100 may determine that both the originalprice and the promotional price are associated with a product. Forexample, system 100 may determine that the price indicator of pricelabel C2 and the price indicator of promotional label P1 are associatedwith product 2322. In this embodiment, system 100 may proceed withmethod 2100, for example, and compare both the original price and thepromotional price to a first and second price range to determine whetherproduct 2322 is of a first type of product or a second type of product.

It is further contemplated that a promotional price may be detected uponan initial analysis of a received image, as part of step 2114, or thatdetection of a promotional price may be the result of an additionalanalysis, prompted, for example, by a determination that a determinedprice does not fall within a first or second price range.

FIG. 22A provides an exemplary process 2200 for determining the type ofa product based on a promotional price in response to a determinationthat an originally determined price does not fall within a first orsecond price range. For example, system 100 may be configured to performprocess 2200 to further analyze an image to detect a promotion at step2212 in response to a determination that a previously determined pricedoes not fall within a first or second price range, as represented atstep 2210. A promotion may be detected, and a promotional price may bedetermined (at step 2214), in substantially the same manner as aninitial price label, as discussed above with respect to, for example,FIG. 23 and step 2112. System 100 may compare the promotional price tothe first and second price range to determine whether the product is ofthe first or second type. At step 2216, system 100 may perform processessubstantially similar to discussed with respect to, for example, step2116 and processes 2102 and 2104. In response to a determination thatthe product is either the first or second type, process 2200 may proceedto step 2218 and system 100 may initiate an action based on thedetermination. The action may be any action consistent with thisdisclosure, including those discussed, for example, with respect to step2118.

As an example, a first price range may be between $25 and $30 a secondprice range may be between $15 and $20. System 100 may perform method2100 to detect a product and determine the price associated with theproduct to be $50, based on, for example, a price label affixed to theproduct and a price indicator on the price label, as discussed above.System 100, not employing optional process 2102 in this example, mayfurther analyze the image in accordance with step 2212 to detect apromotion indicating that the product is on sale for $25, based on, forexample, a flag indicating a half-off sale in proximity to the productin accordance with step 2214. System 100 may proceed to step 2216 todetermine that the product is one of the first type based on thedetermined price, as modified by the promotional information, fallingwithin the first price range.

It should be understood that process 2200 may be performed even ifmethod 2100 determines that a product is, for example, a second type ofproduct based on a determined price falling within a second price range.Modifying the example above, system 100 may determine the price of theproduct to be $20 in step 2114, which is within the second price rangeof $15 to $20. System may then further analyze the image in step 2212 todetermine that the determined price of $20 is a promotional price, basedon, for example, a second price label in proximity to the product thatcontains the original, non-promotional price. In this example, the pricedetermined initially may be reflecting a discount of 20% and the actualprice of the product may be $25. Based on the detected promotionalinformation, the system may determine that the product is of the firsttype, based on its original, non-promotional price of $25 falling withinthe first price range despite the promotional price of $20 fallingwithin the second price range.

According to the present disclosure, the at least one processor may beconfigured to provide a visual representation of the detected product toa user. The at least one processor may be configured to perform thisstep when, for example, a determined price does not fall within theprice ranges of a first type of product or a second type of product.Further, according to the present disclosure, the method for processingimages captured in a retail store may include providing a visualrepresentation of the detected product to a user. The method may includethis step when, for example, a determined price does not fall within theprice ranges of a first type of product or a second type of product.

A visual representation may be provided to a user in any mannerconsistent with this disclosure, such as a display on a device, an alerttransmitted to a device, an email, a text message, or any other means ofproviding a visual representation. For example, system 100 may provide avisual representation of a product to output device 145 and the visualrepresentation may be displayed to user 102 via a display on GUI 500. Itis contemplated that a visual representation may be sent to any of, forexample, market research firm 110, supplier 115, or user 120, and may bepresented via any means disclosed herein, including a display on outputdevices 145A, 145B, 145C, 145D, and through any GUI 500 disclosedherein. While the present disclosure provides examples providing avisual representation of a product, it should be noted that aspects ofthe disclosure in their broadest sense, are not limited to the disclosedexamples.

A visual representation of a detected product may be any identifyinginformation relating to a product. For example, a visual representationmay be an image of a product, a schematic of a product, a description ofa product, a location of a product, or any other information that wouldfacilitate identification of the product by a user. For example, system100 may analyze image 2300 to detect product 2324 and may transmit avisual representation to, for example, output device 145A, the visualrepresentation may comprise box 2320. In the same example, the visualrepresentation of 2324 may comprise a description of product 2324,including any physical characteristics of product 2324 (e.g., its shapeand size) and any contextual information relating to product 2324 (e.g.,product 2324's proximity to price label C2, product 2324's to product2322, product 2324's proximity to shelf 2302, etc.). While the presentdisclosure provides examples of the identifying information constitutingvisual representation, it should be noted that aspects of the disclosurein their broadest sense, are not limited to the disclosed examples ofthe identifying information.

A visual representation may be provided to a user in response to adetermination that a product is of a first or second type. For example,system 100 may perform method 2100 and determine that a detected productis of a first type based on its determined price falling within a firstprice range. In response to this determination, system 100 may, forexample, provide a visual representation of the product to any outputdevice 145A, 145B, 145C. The visual representation may include anyidentifying information relating to the product, as described above. Byway of example, the visual representation may be transmitted to supplier115 and supplier 115 may use the visual representation to ensure thatthe retail store in which the product was detected is complying with,for example, a planogram provided by supplier 115 that relates to thedetermined product type. Such a visual representation may be generatedas a response to any process or method disclosed herein, such as asuccessful determination in method 2100, a determination in process 2102(e.g., determination 2130, 2140), or a determination in process 2104(e.g., determination 2130, 2140). In addition, the visual representationmay be provided to a user as an action associated with any processdisclosed herein, for example, as part of the action initiated in step2218 of process 2200 or the action initiated in step 2224 of process2202.

Additionally, consisted with the present disclosure, a visualrepresentation may be provided to a user as a response to adetermination that a type of a product cannot be determined by a methodherein. For example, in process 2102, system 100 may determine that aproduct does not fall within a first or second price range and that adetermined price is neither higher that a first price range nor lowerthan a second price range. As a response, process 2102 may include step2126 for initiating an action based on the determination that the pricedoes not fall within either the first or second price range. It iscontemplated that providing a visual representation of the product to auser may be part of the action initiated in step 2126. By way ofexample, FIG. 22B may provide process 2202, in which, in response to adetermination that a price associated with a product does not fallwithin either a first or second price range (step 2210), system 100, forexample, may provide a visual representation of the product to a user(step 2220). While the present disclosure provides exemplary situationsin which a visual representation may be provided to a user, it should benoted that aspects of the disclosure in their broadest sense, are notlimited to the disclosed situations.

According to the present disclosure, the at least one processor mayfurther be configured to receive input from the user indicative of acorrect type of the detected product. The at least one processor may beconfigured to perform this step when, for example, a determined pricedoes not fall within the price ranges of a first type of product or asecond type of product. Further, according to the present disclosure themethod for processing images captured in a retail store may includereceiving input from the user indicative of a correct type of thedetected.

An input indicative of a correct type of product of a detected productmay be received in any manner disclosed herein, such as by a response toa display on a device, an alert transmitted to a device, an email, atext message, or any other means of providing input. For example, user120 may provide an input through device 145 and the input may beprovided by user through a GUI 500 configured to receive an inputrelating to the type of device. It is contemplated that the input may bereceived from any of, for example, market research firm 110, supplier115, or user 120, and may be received via any means disclosed herein,including a display on output devices 145A, 145B, 145C, 145D, andthrough any GUI 500 disclosed herein.

An input indicative of a correct type of product may be any input thatidentifies the product as being of a certain type. For example, an inputmay comprise a word corresponding with a type of product, a numberassociated with a product (e.g., a number associated with an inventorysystem or a SKU of the product), a phrase containing a description of aproduct, an image of a product of the same type, any combination of theabove, or any other means for identifying a product. By way of example,user 120 may provide input relating to product 2337 and the input maycomprise a word identifying a type of product to which product 2337belongs (e.g., “soda”), a phrase describing the type of product (e.g.,“product 2337 is a diet, cherry flavored soda”), or any otheridentifying information. It is also contemplated that the input may notdirectly identify the correct type of a product, by may provideadditional information that may be used to correctly identify the typeof a product. Continuing the example, user 120 may provide an inputrelating to product 2337 and the input may comprise, for example, animage of product 2336 and system 100 may use the image of 2336 todetermine that product 2337 is of the same or a different type thanproduct 2336. In another example, user 120 may provide, for example,information relating to product label 2338, which is associated withproduct 2337, to identify product 2337. The information may comprise animage of product label 2338, a textual description of product label2338, or some combination of the above.

The form that an input takes may be determined by GUI 500 or otherwisedetermined by the method of input. For example, GUI 500 may beconfigured to contain a text box in which a user can input textualidentifying information. GUI may also be configured to receive an imageas an input. GUI 500 may also be configured with a predetermined list ofproduct types and user input may be a selection from the list. While thepresent disclosure provides examples of inputs and exemplary ways ofproviding inputs, it should be noted that aspects of the disclosure intheir broadest sense, are not limited to the disclosed examples ofinputs or to the disclosed ways of providing inputs.

An input may be received in response to an action or request for input.For example, an input may be received in response to the display of avisual representation of a detected product, as described above. In thisexample, the visual display may include a request for user inputrelating to the product represented in the visual representation. Asystem, such as system 100, may also transmit an alert, email, textmessage, or other indicator of a request for user input and the inputmay be received in response to the request for input. The request forinput may be transmitted in response to a determination that adetermined price of a product does not fall within a first or secondprice range. For example, process 2202 may include both providing avisual representation of a detected product to a user at step 2220 andreceiving input from the user indicating a correct type of the productat 2222. It is also contemplated that the input received from a user mayinclude a correct price range associated with the product type. Forexample, system 100 may request a price range from user 120 or supplier115, for example, when it detects a product but cannot determine a typeof the product because a price associated with the product does not fallwithin a first or second price range. The received input may then bestored, as discussed above, as a price range associated with a producttype and may be used in future analyses. A request for input may also betransmitted in response to a determination that a product does fallwithin a first or second price range. For example, as part of an actioninitiated in step 2218 of process 2200, system 100 may request inputregarding the type of the product. In this example, system 100 may usethe user input to confirm that, for example, a step of method 2100correctly detected a product and determined the type of the productbased on its price.

According to the present disclosure, the at least one processor mayfurther be configured to initiate an action based on the received inputand the identified price. The at least one processor may be configuredto perform this step when, for example, a determined price does not fallwithin the price ranges of a first type of product or a second type ofproduct. Further, according to the present disclosure the method forprocessing images captured in a retail store may include initiating anaction based on the received input and the identified price. The methodmay include this step when, for example, a determined price does notfall within the price ranges of a first type of product or a second typeof product.

An action initiated in response to a received input may be any actiondisclosed herein. As is clear from this disclosure, the action maydepend upon the received input and other factors relating to the imageprocessing. For example, if an input provides a correct price range fora type of product, as discussed above, the action initiated may be toupdate database 140, for example, with the correct information such thatthe correct price range may be used in future image processing. Further,if the input is an input of a correct type of product for which system100, for example, was able to determine a price associate with theproduct in step 2114, the action initiated in response to the input maybe to store the input product type in association with the price and toderive a price range based on the correctly identified type of productand the determined price, as described above.

According to the present disclosure, the at least one processor may beconfigured to perform an action including updating at least one of thefirst or second price ranges. Further, according to the presentdisclosure the method for processing images captured in a retail storemay include updating at least one of the first or second price ranges.By way of example, an input from a user may be a correct price rangeassociated with a product type or a single price associated with theproduct type and this information may be used to determine that either afirst or second price range is incorrect and to update the incorrectprice range. For example, system 100 may analyze image 2300 to detectproduct 2314 and determine (for example, by step 2114) that the priceassociated with product 2314 is $2.59. System 100 may further identify afirst price range of $3.49 to $4.99, for example, and a second pricerange of $0.99 to $1.99. With this information, system 100 may determinethat product 2314 is not of the first or the second type. System 100may, for example, provide a visual representation of product 2314 to auser, as described above in relation to step 2220, and receive userinput relating to product 2314, as described above in relation to step2222. The input may include a correct identification of product 2314 as,for example, being of the second type. The input may or may not includea correct price range for product 2314. Based on the input, system 100may, for example, update the second price range to include thedetermined price of product 2314. In this example, the second pricerange may be updated from $0.99 to $1.99 to, for example, $1.99 to$2.99, which includes $2.59, the determined price of product 2314. It iscontemplated that system 100, for example, may automatically update thefirst or second price range or it may seek additional input as to whichprice range is incorrect and what the proper price range should be. Theprice range may be adjusted in any manner and by any degree. Forexample, in the above example, system 100 may adjust the second pricerange to $0.99 to $2.59, $0.99 to $2.70, $0.99 to $3.00, etc., orotherwise adjust the price range to include the determined price.

According to the present disclosure, the at least one processor may beconfigured to perform an action including informing the user about amismatch between a price of the correct type of the detected product andthe identified price. Further, according to the present disclosure themethod for processing images captured in a retail store may includeinforming the user about a mismatch between a price of the correct typeof the detected product and the identified price. A user may be informedof a mismatch between a determined price and a price of the correct typeof the detect product by any means disclosed herein. For example, theinformation may be transmitted to any device, such as user device 145,and in any form, such as by email, alert, text, display on GUI 500, etc.The information pertaining to the mismatch may be transmitted andpresented in substantially the same manner as the visual representationof a product, as described above in relation to step 2220. While thepresent disclosure provides exemplary methods of providing informationregarding a mismatch, it should be noted that aspects of the disclosurein their broadest sense, are not limited to the disclosed methods.

Providing information to a user about a mismatch between a determinedprice and a correct price may allow the user to correct either price.For example, system 100 may have properly determined a price associatedwith a product at step 2114, but the determined price may not match aprice of the correct type for several reasons. Such reasons may includea misplaced price label, erroneous price information on a label, etc.System 100 may have properly identified the price, the price beingincorrect. The user, provided with the information about the mismatch,may then take action to correct the misplaced or mislabeled price label.Similarly, system 100, for example, may have correctly identified aprice associated with a product at step 2114, but the price range savedin database 140 may be incorrect. A user provided with information aboutthe mismatch between prices may take action to correct the price rangein the database, either by directly updating the information orauthorizing system 100 to update the price range.

Providing information about a mismatch between a determined price and acorrect price to, for example, supplier 115 may allow supplier 115 tomonitor a retail store's compliance with a planogram or otherrequirements of the supplier. Providing information about a mismatchbetween a determined price and a correct price to, for example, marketresearch entity 110 may allow market research entity 120 to use theinformation in preparing various reports and other market researchproducts. While the present disclosure provides examples of actions thatmay be taken in response to receiving information regarding a mismatch,it should be noted that aspects of the disclosure in their broadestsense, are not limited to the disclosed actions.

The present disclosure relates to a system for processing imagescaptured in a retail store and automatically identifying misplacedproducts. The system may analyze the captured images and identify that aproduct has been misplaced. For example, the product may have been movedby a potential purchaser who did not return the product to itsappropriate location, such as a shelf containing similar products orproducts of the same brand. Moreover, the system may provide anotification to a store employee when a product has been misplaced. Thenotification may specify an appropriate location for the misplacedproduct. Further, in some embodiments, the notification may include oneof the captured images depicting the misplaced product in order to speedthe employee's task of relocating the product to its proper location.Still further, in some embodiments, notifications of misplaced productsmay be selectively provided to store employees based on an urgency levelof restoring the misplaced product to its proper location. For example,certain products (milk, ice cream, etc.) may spoil if they are notlocated in a proper storage location, such as a refrigerated area.

According to the present disclosure, the system may include at least oneprocessor. While the present disclosure provides examples of the system,it should be noted that aspects of the disclosure in their broadestsense, are not limited to a system for processing images. Rather, thesystem may be configured to process information collected from a retailstore. System 100, illustrated in FIG. 1 and discussed above, is oneexample of a system for processing images captured in a retail store andautomatically identifying misplaced products, in accordance with thepresent disclosure.

Consistent with the present disclosure, the at least one processor maybe configured to receive one or more images captured by one or moreimage sensors from an environment of a retail store and depicting aplurality of products displayed on at least one store shelf. Forexample, image processing unit 130 may receive raw or processed imagedata from capturing device 125, as described above. The one or moreimages may depict one or more environments of a retail store, such as,FIGS. 24 and 25, discussed below. In some embodiments, image sensors mayinclude capturing device 125, digital cameras, camera modules, nightvision equipment, thermal imaging devices, radar, sonar, LIDAR, or thelike.

FIG. 24 is an exemplary image received by the system, consistent withthe present disclosure. The image may depict multiple aisles and shelveswith many different types of products displayed thereon. For example,image 2400 depicts three aisles with signs 2401, 2409, and 2413;promotions 2403, 2411, and 2415. After receiving the image, server 135may be configured to distinguish the different types of products. Basedon image analysis described herein, server 135 may determine thatmisplaced product 2405 is not in its correct display location.Specifically, misplaced product 2405 is of product type oatmeal(identical to product type of products 2407), which has a correctdisplay location of aisle twelve, which is the cereal, cookies,crackers, and bread section.

Consistent with the present disclosure, the at least one processor maybe configured to detect in the one or more images a first product. Thefirst product may have an associated first correct display location. Forexample, image processing unit 130 may analyze an image to detect theproduct(s) in the image, for example as described above.

Consistent with the present disclosure, the detected first product mayhave an associated first correct display location. For example, when“Head & Shoulders Shampoo” is detected in the image, image processingunit 130 may obtain location information associated with “Head &Shoulders Shampoo.” Such location information may be stored in a “Head &Shoulders Shampoo” digital record in database 140 associated with theproduct type and the retail store. The location information may includean indication of a correct display location in the retail store (e.g.,cleaning section, soft drink section, dairy product shelves, apparelsection, etc.), an indication of the floor (e.g., 2nd floor), anindication of the aisle (e.g., 4th aisle), an indication of the shelf(e.g., the bottom shelf, the second shelf to the top, etc.), an address,a position coordinate, a coordinate of latitude and longitude, an areain a planogram, and/or an area on a map, etc. Moreover, in some cases aproduct type may have more than one correct display location in a retailstore (for example, a shelf and a promotional display), and the digitalrecord may include information about one or more correct displaylocations for the product type in the retail store.

Consistent with the present disclosure, the at least one processor maybe configured to determine, based on analysis of the one or more images,that the first product is not located in the first correct displaylocation. For example, when the one or more images contain one or moreshelves, image processing unit 130 may analyze the one or more images toidentify the shelves in the image, as described above. For example,image processing unit 130 may determine that the shelf is for softdrinks, the shelf is for cleaning products, the shelf is for personalproducts, and/or the shelf is for books, or the like. Based on theidentification of the shelf, image processing unit 130 may determine thelocation depicted in the image. For example, when image processing unit130 identifies that the shelf is for soft drinks, image processing unit130 may determine a location of the shelf depicted in the image, suchas, the third aisle, second floor, soft drink section, etc. In someaspects, image processing unit 130 may determine the location depictedin the one or more images by recognizing text on a sign or a promotionmaterial depicted in the image. In some aspects, image processing unit130 may determine the location depicted in the one or more images byanalyzing the lighting in the image. For example, the lighting may bebrighter in certain areas of a retail store, and the color of the lightmay be different from one section to another in the retail store. Insome aspects, image processing unit 130 may determine the locationdepicted in the one or more images by analyzing the background in theone or more images. For example, some shelves may be located next to awindow, some shelves may be located in a corner, some shelves may belocated against a green wall, etc. In some aspects, position and/ororientation of an image sensor capturing one or more images may be known(for example, from a positioning system, from user input, etc.),possibly together with other capturing parameters, and the location ofan object depicted in the one or more images may be calculated based onthe position and/or orientation of the image sensor and/or the capturingparameters. For example, in 2D images, each pixel may correspond to acone or a pyramid in the real world, and the location may be determinedto be within that cone or pyramid. In another example, in a 3D camera,each pixel of a range image or each point in a point cloud maycorrespond directly to a position in the real world. In some aspects,image processing unit may determine the location depicted in the one ormore images by recognizing the environment in the one or more images.For example, image processing unit 130 may recognize the environment tobe near the cashier, by using the image analysis method described above.Image processing unit 130 may identify the cashier depicted in the oneor more images, using object recognition method. In some examples, imageprocessing unit 130 may recognize the environment to be near storageroom, by recognizing the text on the sign and/or other methods describedabove. While the present disclosure provides examples of techniques andanalysis for determining a location, it should be noted that aspects ofthe disclosure in their broadest sense, are not limited to the disclosedexamples.

While the present disclosure provides examples of techniques andanalysis for determining the location where the one or more images arecaptured, it should be noted that aspects of the disclosure in theirbroadest sense, are not limited to the disclosed examples.

Consistent with the present disclosure, the at least one processor maybe configured to determine whether the first product is located in thefirst correct display location. Determining whether the first product islocated in the first correct display location may include comparing thelocation depicted in the one or more images with the first correctdisplay location. If the locations do not match, the at least oneprocessor may determine that the first product is not located in thefirst correct display location. In some aspects, the correct displaylocation may be in a backroom storage area. For example, a type ofproduct that is expired or is not supposed to be displayed, the correctdisplay location associated with the type of product may be “backroomstorage.” In some aspects, the correct display location may include morethan one location within a retail store (for example, a shelf and apromotional display), and determining that the first product is locatedin the correct display location may include determining that the firstproduct is located in at least one of the locations included in thecorrect display location.

Consistent with the present disclosure, the at least one processor maybe configured to determine an indicator of a first level of urgency forreturning the first product to the first correct display location. Theterm “level of urgency for returning the first product to the firstcorrect display location” refers to any indication, numeric orotherwise, of a level (e.g., within a predetermined range) indicative ofan urgency to remove the misplaced product to the correct location. Forexample, the level of urgency may have a value between 1 and 10. Imageprocessing unit 130 may store the determined level of urgency indatabase 140. A level of urgency may be used, for example, to determinewhether to send a notification to a user for removing the misplacedproduct. Image processing unit 130 may comprise an algorithm todetermine a level of urgency, based on the identified characteristics.For example, the misplaced product depicted in the image is identifiedas “frozen food,” image processing unit 130 may assign 10 points to thelevel of urgency for returning the product to the correct displaylocation. When the misplaced product in the image is identified as“canned food,” image processing unit 130 may assign 1 point to the levelof urgency for returning the product to the correct display location.Further, different characteristics or different types of product may beassigned different point values. For example, “frozen food” may havegreater point value than “canned food.” While the present disclosureprovides examples of characteristics, it should be noted that aspects ofthe disclosure in their broadest sense, are not limited to the disclosedexamples. In some examples, the level of urgency may be determinedaccording to an area of the retail store (for example, an aisle, ashelf, etc.) that the misplaced product is currently placed on. Forexample, the retail store may have contractual obligations with respectto a first group shelves (for example, with respect to shelvesassociated with a specific brand, a specific supplier, and so forth),and may have no contractual obligations or less strict contractualobligations with respect to a second group of shelves. As a result, thelevel of urgency may be determined to be higher when the first productis currently placed on the first group of shelves, and may be determinedto be lower when the first product is currently placed on the secondgroup of shelves. In some examples, the level of urgency may bedetermined according to context information (which may be obtained asdescribed below). For example, the context information may indicate thata misplaced product is blocking a passageway in the retail store, and asa result, a higher level of urgency may be determined. In anotherexample, the context information may indicate that a shelf associatedwith the product type of the first product is properly stocked, and as aresult a lower level of urgency may be determined.

Consistent with the present disclosure, the at least one processor maybe configured to cause an issuance of a user-notification associatedwith the first product. The user-notification may be issued within afirst period of time from when the first product was determined not tobe located in the first correct display location. For example, once thefirst product is determined not to be located in the first correctdisplay location, server 135 may cause an issuance of auser-notification on an output device, for example using I/O system 210and peripherals interface 208. Output device (e.g., a display screen, aspeaker, etc.) may receive the user-notification and display theuser-notification to a user. The user-notification may include a textmessage, audio recording, image, map, indication of the correct location(such as an image depicting the correct location, map identifying thecorrect location, etc.), indication of the misplaced location (such asan image depicting the misplaced location, map identifying the misplacedlocation, etc.), indication of the misplaced product (such as an imagedepicting the misplaced product, product type of the misplaced product,etc.), and/or the indicator of the level of urgency, etc. Consistentwith the present disclosure, server 135 may be configured to determine afirst period of time starting from when the first product was determinednot to be located in the first correct display location. In someaspects, server 135 may determine a first period of time based on thelevel of urgency. In some aspects, server 135 may determine a firstperiod of time based on the identified one or more characteristic of theproduct. For example, when “fresh food” and/or “frozen food” areidentified, server 135 may determine a first period of time to beshorter than other products. Image processing unit 130 may also includea timer configured to measure a specific time interval, that may be, thedetermined period of time.

Consistent with the present disclosure, the at least one processor maybe configured to detect in the one or more images a second product. Thesecond product may have an associated second correct display location.For example, image processing unit 130 may detect a second product inthe one or more images, based on image analysis and using the productmodels, as described above.

Consistent with the present disclosure, the at least one processor maybe configured to determine, based on analysis of the one or more images,that the second product is not located in the second correct displaylocation. For example, image processing unit 130 may determine that thesecond product is not located in the second correct display location insimilar manners to the corresponding determination for the first productand the first correct display location described above. If imageprocessing unit 130 determines that the second product is not located inthe second correct display location, server 135 may generate an issuanceof a user-notification that may be displayed using an output device.Server 135 may withhold the issuance and store the issuance in memorydevice 226.

Consistent with the present disclosure, the at least one processor maybe configured to determine an indicator of a second level of urgency forreturning the second product to its associated second correct displaylocation. As described above, image processing unit 130 may execute analgorithm to determine a second level of urgency, based on theidentified characteristics of the second product. Image processing unit130 may store the determined level of urgency in database 140. A levelof urgency may be used, for example, to determine a time duration beforesending a notification for removing the misplaced product to the user.

Consistent with the present disclosure, after determining that thesecond product is not located in the second correct display location andwhen the second urgency level is lower than the first urgency level, theat least one processor may be configured to withhold issuance of auser-notification associated with the second product within a timeduration equal to the first period of time. Consistent with the presentdisclosure, image processing unit 130 may be configured to compareand/or rank the first and second level of urgency for returning theproduct to its associated correct display location. When the secondlevel of urgency is determined to be lower than the first level ofurgency, image processing unit 130 may withhold issuance of auser-notification associated with the second product. As describedabove, image processing unit 130 may also include a timer configured tomeasure a specific time interval. Image processing unit 130 may withholdthe issuance of the user-notification associated with the second productfor a time duration equal to the first period of time, by using thetimer. For example, when the first identified misplaced product is a“frozen food,” and the second identified misplaced product is a “cannedfood,” image processing unit 130 may determine that the second misplacedproduct to have a lower level of urgency for returning to the correctlocation than for the first misplaced product, so image processing unit130 may withhold the issuance of the user-notification associated withthe second misplaced product until the user-notification associated withthe first misplaced product is sent to the output device. This may helpone or more system users to prioritize which misplaced product should bereturn to its correct location first. In some examples, delaying theuser-notification associated with the second misplaced product may allowthe second misplaced product event (which may be less urgent than thefirst misplaced product event) to be resolved naturally, without aninitiated intervention, for example by a customer picking the misplacedproduct for purchase, by a customer returning the misplaced product tothe correct display location, by an employee picking the misplacedproduct, by an employee returning the misplaced product to the correctdisplay location, and so forth. In some embodiments, user-notificationassociated with a second misplaced product may be permanently forgone,for example for a second misplaced product associated with a level ofurgency lower than a selected threshold. In some embodiments,user-notification associated with a second misplaced product may bewithheld to a more suitable time (for example, a time with lower workload, a time when more employees are in the retail store, a time when aselected employee is in the retail store, a time when less customers arewithin the retail store or within an area of the retail store associatedwith the misplaced product, and so forth). For example, theuser-notification may be withheld until a suitable time arrives and/oris detected by the system. In another example, the system may predictwhen a more suitable time will arrive, and schedule theuser-notification to the predicted time.

Consistent with the present disclosure, the at least one processor maybe configured to cause an issuance of a user-notification associatedwith the second product within a second period of time from when thesecond product was determined not to be located in the second correctdisplay location. The second period of time may be longer than the firstperiod of time when the second level of urgency is lower than the firstlevel of urgency. For example, as described above, if the second productis determined not to be located in the second correct display location,image processing unit 130 may cause an issuance of a user-notificationin similar manners to the issuance of the corresponding usernotification for the first misplaced product described above.

Consistent with the present disclosure, image processing unit 130 may beconfigured to determine a second period of time starting from when thesecond product was determined not to be located in the second correctdisplay location. The second period of time may be determined based onthe second level of urgency. For example, when the second level ofurgency is lower than the first level of urgency, image processing unit130 may determine the second period of time is longer than the firstperiod of time. In a case where the first level of urgency is determinedto be 8 and the second level of urgency is determined to be 2, and imageprocessing unit 130 has determined the first period of time to be 30seconds, image processing unit 130 may determine the second period oftime to be 10 minutes. For example, when “canned food” is determined tobe the second product that is not located in its correct displaylocation and “fresh food” is the first product that has a greater levelof urgency, image processing unit 130 may issue the user-notificationassociated with the “canned food” within a longer time period than thetime period for “fresh food.” As discussed earlier, image processingunit 130 may also include a timer configured to measure a specific timeinterval.

Consistent with the present disclosure, the user-notification may beincluded in a product-related task assigned to a store employee. Theuser-notification may include at least one of: information about acorrect display location of a misplaced product, information about astore shelf associated with the misplaced product, information about aproduct type of the misplaced product, or a visual depiction of themisplaced product. For example, shown in FIG. 11D, GUI 1130 may includea first display area 1132 for showing a list of notifications or textmessages indicating several in-store execution events that requireattention. The execution events may include one or more task to returnthe misplaced product to its correct display location. The notificationsmay include text messages and a link to an image (or the image itself).The image may depict the misplaced product. The notifications may alsoinclude information about the correct display location of the misplacedproduct, such as information related to the correct display location, amap indicating the correct display location, an image of the correctdisplay location, and so forth. For example, the notification mayinclude text message, such as, “Please return the product below tosecond aisle, soft drink section, 3rd floor.” The notifications may alsoinclude information about a store shelf associated with the misplacedproduct, such as a location of the shelf, image of the shelf, and soforth. For example, the notification may include a link to image 2400 orimage 2400 itself. As shown in FIG. 24, image 2400 depicts a misplacedproduct 2405 in aisle eleven. Additionally or alternatively, thenotification may include a text message describing the misplaced productand/or the correct display location, such as “the shelf on the end ofaisle eleven contains a misplaced product,” “the shelf in the cleaningproduct section,” “the shelf under the promotion sign of $4.99,” or thelike. The notifications may also include product information about theproduct type of the misplaced product. For example, the notification mayinclude a text message that contains “a Coca-Cola Zero is currentlymisplaced.” In some examples, the correct display location may includemultiple locations, and the notification may include information aboutone or more locations selected of the multiple locations (for example,based on proximity, based on need for restock associated with at leastone of the multiple locations, and so forth), or may include informationabout all locations included in the correct display location.

In another example, shown in FIG. 11D, GUI 1140 may include a firstdisplay area 1142 for displaying a real-time video stream captured byoutput device 145C with real-time augmented markings indicting a statusof planogram compliance for each product (e.g., correct place,misplaced, not in planogram, and empty). GUI 1140 may also include asecond display area 1144 displaying a summary of the planogramcompliance for all the products identified in the video stream capturedby output device 145C. Consistent with the present disclosure, server135 may rapidly generate (e.g., within seconds or minutes) actionabletasks to improve store execution. These tasks may help employees ofretail store 105 to quickly address situations that can negativelyimpact revenue and customer experience in the retail store 105. Suchtasks may include returning the one or more misplaced product to itscorrect display location.

Consistent with the present disclosure, the at least one processor maybe configured to detect in the one or more images the second product ata time within the first period of time from when the first product wasdetermined not to be located in the first correct display location. Forexample, when the first period of time is determined to be 30 seconds,image processing unit 130 may detect a second misplaced product in the30 seconds after the first product was determined to not be located inthe first correct display location.

Consistent with the present disclosure, the indicator of the first levelof urgency for returning the first product to the first correct displaylocation may be associated with a product type of the first product. Forexample, when “frozen yogurt” is detected and determined not to be inthe first display location (e.g., the fridge), image processing unit 130may determine the level of urgency for returning frozen yogurt to be 10,which is the greatest. In another example, when “canned tuna” isdetermined to be not in its correct display location, image processingunit 130 may determine the level of urgency for returning canned tuna tobe 2. Accordingly, each product type may have a pre-determined level ofurgency for returning the product to an appropriate shelf or storagelocation. Further, the pre-determined level of urgency may be stored inproduct models associated to the product types.

Consistent with the present disclosure, when the product type includesfrozen food, the first period of time may be shorter than when theproduct type includes fresh produce. For example, when “frozen yogurt”is detected and determined not to be in the first display location(e.g., the fridge), because “frozen yogurt” falls in a “frozen food”product type, image processing unit 130 may determine the first periodof time to be 5 minutes. In another example, when “fresh tuna” isdetermined to be not in the first correct display location, and because“fresh tuna” falls in a “fresh food” product type, image processing unit130 may determine the first period of time to be 15 minutes.

Consistent with the present disclosure, when the product type includescanned goods, the first period of time may be longer than when theproduct type includes fresh produce. For example, when “fresh tuna” isdetermined to be not in the first correct display location, and because“fresh tuna” falls in a “fresh food” product type, image processing unit130 may determine the first period of time to be 15 minutes. In anotherexample, when “canned tuna” is determined to be not in the first correctdisplay location, and because “canned tuna” falls in a “canned food”product type, image processing unit 130 may determine the first periodof time to be 60 minutes to 240 minutes. This may help prioritize thetask to return the most urgent misplaced product.

Consistent with the present disclosure, the at least one processor maybe further configured to determine, based on context information derivedthrough analysis of the one or more images, whether the first productdetermined not to be located in the first correct display requiresrepositioning. For example, the context information may indicate thatthe first product determined not to be located in the first correctdisplay is located within a cart, and therefore do not requiresrepositioning. In another example, the context information may indicatethat the first product determined not to be located in the first correctdisplay is located within a cart, and that the cart did not move for aselect threshold amount of time, and therefore the first productrequires repositioning. In yet another example, the context informationmay indicate that the first product determined not to be located in thefirst correct display is held by a customer, and therefore do notrequires repositioning. In another example, the context information mayindicate that the first product determined not to be located in thefirst correct display is in a checkout area, and therefore do notrequires repositioning. In yet another example, the context informationmay indicate that the first product determined not to be located in thefirst correct display is in an area dedicated for damaged or otherwisedefective products, and therefore do not requires repositioning. Inanother example, the context information may indicate that the firstproduct determined not to be located in the first correct display is inmotion, and therefore do not requires repositioning. In some examples,the context information may be determined by analyzing the one or moreimages, for example using a machine learning model trained usingtraining examples to determine contextual situations from images, usingan artificial neural network configured to determine contextualsituations from images, and so forth. Any other examples of determiningcontext information and/or using context information to determinewhether the first product determined not to be located in the firstcorrect display requires repositioning may be implemented.

Consistent with the present disclosure, image processing unit 130 may beconfigured to determine whether the first product is located in thefirst correct display location. Determining whether the first product islocated in the first correct display location may include comparing thelocation depicted in the one or more images with the first correctdisplay location. If the locations do not match, image processing unit130 may determine that the first product is not located in the firstcorrect display location. For example, misplaced product 2405 may haveits correct display location of “at the end of aisle 12, cereal andoatmeal section.” After comparison, image processing unit 130 maydetermine that misplaced product 2405 is not located in its correctdisplay location.

Consistent with the present disclosure, the at least one processor maybe configured to forego causing the issuance of the user-notificationafter determining that the first product does not require repositioning.For example, after first determining that the first product is notlocated in the first correct display location and before the issuance ofthe user-notification associated with the first product, the firstproduct may be removed from the original misplaced location (forexample, by a customer picking the first product for purchase, by acustomer returning the first product to the first correct displaylocation, by an employee picking the first product, by an employeereturning the misplaced product to the first correct display location,and so forth) or the situation of the first product may change (forexample, context associated with the first product may change, forexample a cart holding the first product may move). The change in thesituation of the first product or the removal of the first product fromthe original misplaced location may be detected, for example byanalyzing images of the first product or of the original misplacedlocation using any of the image analysis techniques described above. Inresponse to the detected change in the situation of the first product orthe detected removal of the first product from the original misplacedlocation, the system may determine that the first product does notrequire repositioning any longer, and the system may forego causing theissuance of the user-notification.

Consistent with the present disclosure, the at least one processor maybe configured to determine that the first product does not requirerepositioning when the context information derived from analysis of theone or more images indicates that the first product is located in thehand of a person. For example, a product may be determined to be in ahand of a person, such as an employee repositioning the product and/orreturning the misplaced product, a customer considering a purchase ofthe product, and so forth. In such cases, image processing unit 130 maybe configured to determine that the product does not requirerepositioning. To determine whether the product is in a person's hand,image processing unit 130 may use any suitable image analysis technique.For example, a machine learning model trained using training examples todetermine whether a product is held from images may be used to determinethat the first product is located in the hand of a person. In anotherexample, an artificial neural network configured to determine whether aproduct is held from images may be used to determine that the firstproduct is located in the hand of a person.

In some embodiments, notifications may be provided in response to thedetection of misplaced products. In order to reduce false notifications,the system may ignore temporarily misplaced products. For example, thenotification may be withheld when the product is misplaced for less thanselected time duration, when a person associated with the product (forexample, the person placing the product) is still present, when theproduct is in motion, when the product is in a cart, and so forth. Insome embodiments, one or more images captured from a retail store may beanalyzed to identify a misplaced product, as described above. Forexample, a product may be detected on a store shelf, the product type ofthe detected product may be obtained by analyzing the one or moreimages, the product types associated with the store shelf may beobtained (for example, by analyzing the one or more images to identifylabels attached to the store shelf that identify the product typesassociated with the store shelf, from a store map, from a database, andso forth), and the detected product may be identified as misplaced ifthe product type of the detected product is not within the product typesassociated with the store shelf. The images may be analyzed further todetermine that a misplacement of the misplaced product is a long-termmisplacement, and notification may be provided to a user based on saiddetermination, as described above. For example, the notificationprovided to the user may comprise information related to a locationassociated with the misplaced product, information related to a storeshelf associated with the misplaced product, information related to atype of the misplaced product, information related to a time duration inwhich the product has been misplaced, a visual depiction of themisplaced product, and so forth. In some examples, the determinationthat the misplacement of the misplaced product is a long-termmisplacement may be based on a time duration associated with themisplaced product. For example, it may be determined that themisplacement of the misplaced product is a long-term misplacement whenthe product is misplaced for a time duration longer than a selected timeduration, when the misplaced product is stationary for at least aselected time duration, and so forth. In some examples, thedetermination that the misplacement of the misplaced product is along-term misplacement may be based on an absence of a person associatedwith the misplaced product from at least part of the one or more images.In some examples, the determination that the misplacement of themisplaced product is a long-term misplacement may be based on a motionof the misplaced product in the at least one image, for example,determining that the misplacement is a long-term when the product is notmoving. In some examples, the determination that the misplacement of themisplaced product is a long-term misplacement may be based on a locationof the misplaced product, for example, using one selected minimal timeduration for one location and another minimal time duration for anotherlocation, or in another example, determining that a misplacement is along-term when the location of the product is not in selected areas, andso forth. In some examples, the determination that the misplacement ofthe misplaced product is a long-term misplacement may be based on a typeof the misplaced product, for example, using one selected minimal timeduration for one product type and using another selected minimal timeduration for another product type. In some examples, the determinationthat the misplacement of the misplaced product is a long-termmisplacement may be based on a determination that the misplaced productis not within a cart. In one example, the minimal time duration may bedetermined per product type. For example, canned food may have a firstminimal time duration greater then a second minimal time duration ofproduct types that need refrigeration.

FIG. 25 is another exemplary image received by the system, consistentwith the present disclosure. Image 2500 may be one of a plurality ofimages that together depict a person moving with a cart. For example,comparing the images, server 135 may be configured to determine thatboth the person and the cart are moving toward the left. Further, asdescribed below in further detail, server 135 may be configured todetermine the person to be a customer based on at least one visualcharacteristic of the person in the images.

Consistent with the present disclosure, the at least one processor maybe configured to determine that the first product does not requirerepositioning when the context information derived from analysis of twoor more captured images indicates that the first product is moving. Forexample, in FIG. 25, image processing unit may recognize the moving cartin the two or more images 2500. As described above, to determine whetherthe product is in a moving cart and/or the direction of the motion,image processing unit 130 may use any suitable image analysis techniqueincluding, for example, motion detection algorithms, object trackingalgorithms, and so forth.

Consistent with the present disclosure, the at least one processor maybe configured to determine that the first product requires repositioningwhen the context information derived from analysis of the one or moreimages indicates an absence of people located in a vicinity of the firstproduct. Additionally, the at least one processor may be configured todetermine that the first product does not require repositioning when thecontext information derived from analysis of the one or more imagesindicates a presence of at least one person located in a vicinity of thefirst product. For example, the person may be a customer or an employeewho may return the product to its correct display location. Thus, when aperson is detected in the one or more images, image processing unit 130may determine that the product does not require repositioning. Asdescribed above, image processing unit 130 may use any of the abovedescribed methods to detect a person in the one or more images.

Consistent with the present disclosure, the at least one person may bedetermined, based on an analysis of the one or more images, to have atleast one characteristic associate with a customer. To determine whetherthe person is a customer, image processing unit 130 may use any suitableimage analysis technique. For example, a machine learning model trainedusing training examples to classify a person as a customer or as aretail store employee based on images of a person may be used todetermine whether the person is a customer or an employee, for examplebased on at least one visual characteristic depicted in the images. Inanother example, an artificial neural network configured to distinguishbetween customers and retail store employees by analyzing images ofpeople may be used to determine whether a person is a customer or anemployee, for example based on at least one visual characteristicdepicted in the images. Some examples of the at least one characteristicmay include wearing a retail store uniform, not wearing a uniform,moving slowly, having many products of different product types in a cartassociated with the person, having many products of a single producttype in a cart associated with the person, wearing an employee tag name,and so forth. Further, characteristics associated with a customer may bestore in database 140.

Consistent with the present disclosure, the at least one processor maybe configured to determine, after the time duration, that the secondproduct remains in a location other than the second correct displaylocation, and cause issuance of a user-notification associated with thesecond product. For example, when the employee did not perform the taskof returning the misplaced product to its correct display location,image processing unit 130 may be configured to cause issuance of anotheruser-notification. This may alert the user and remind the user toperform the task.

Consistent with the present disclosure, the at least one processor maybe configured to determine the first and second correct displaylocations based on product types for the first and second productsdetermined based on analysis of the one or more images. For example,when the first product, “Head & Shoulders Shampoo,” is detected in theimage, image processing unit 130 may obtain location informationassociated with “Head & Shoulders Shampoo.” Such location informationmay be stored in the “Head & Shoulders Shampoo” digital record indatabase 140. For example, the first correct display location may be“personal care product section, 2nd floor, aisle four, on the bottomshelf” The second product may be “Coca-Cola Zero,” which may also have acorrect display location associated with it stored in database 140.Thus, the second correct display location may be “soft drink section,3rd floor, aisle three, on top on the shelf.”

Consistent with the present disclosure, the first and second correctdisplay locations may be determined based on information including atleast one of: a planogram, a store map, a database, a label associatedwith the at least one store shelf, other products associated with the atleast one store shelf, and an aisle associated with at least one storeshelf. For example, a correct display location associated to a productmay be stored in the digital records in database 140, as describedabove. In another example, the correct display location may berepresented by a pin on a graphic map and/or a string of locationinformation “personal care section,” “2nd floor,” and “aisle four.”Further, the correct display location may also be an address, such as “Bbuilding, 2F, personal care section, top shelf.” In some aspects, thecorrect display location may be in a backroom storage area. In someaspects, the correct display location may be depicted in the planogram,which may contain an indication of the specific location. Such anindication may be a red circle and an arrow on the planogram.

Consistent with the present disclosure, the at least one processor maybe configured to determine the first correct display location for thefirst product and to include in the user-notification associate with thefirst product an instruction for use in re-locating the first product tothe associated first correct display location. For example, server 135may cause an issuance of a user-notification on an output device, forexample using I/O system 210 and peripherals interface 208. Outputdevice (e.g., a display screen, a speaker, AR system, etc.) may receivethe user-notification and display the user-notification to a user. Theuser-notification may include text message, audio recording, image, map,indication of the correct location, indication of the misplacedlocation, indication of the misplaced product, and/or the indicator ofthe level of urgency, etc. For example, the notification may includetext instructions, such as, “please return misplaced Coca-Cola Zero fromthe cleaning section, third aisle, third floor to the second aisle, softdrink section, third floor within 10 minutes.” The notifications mayalso include information about a store shelf associated with themisplaced product. For example, the notification may include a link toimage 2400 or simply image 2400 itself. In some aspects, thenotifications may also include a map that depicts the location of themisplaced product and its correct display location. The map may alsoinclude a determined route from the location of the misplaced product toits correct display location. Additionally or alternatively, thenotification may include a text message that says “the shelf on the endof aisle eleven contains a misplaced product,” “the shelf in thecleaning product section,” “the shelf under the promotion sign of$4.99,” or the like. The notifications may also include productinformation about the product type of the misplaced product. Forexample, the notification may include a text message that contains “aCoca-Cola Zero is currently misplaced.” In some embodiments, theinstructions may be provided using an Augmented Reality (AR) system,such as AR headset, AR display on a mobile device, and so forth. In theAR system, navigation guidance to the misplaced product and/or to thecorrect display location may be provided, for example as arrowsdirecting the user where to go, as a path to follow, and so forth.Further, the misplaced product may be marked in the AR display, forexample with a circle, an arrow, by displaying the misplaced product ina modified color scheme, and so forth.

FIG. 26 is a flow chart illustrating an exemplary method 2600 forprocessing images captured in a retail store and automaticallyidentifying misplaced products, in accordance with the presentdisclosure. The order and arrangement of steps in method 2600 isprovided for purposes of illustration. As will be appreciated from thisdisclosure, modifications may be made to method 2600 by, for example,adding, combining, removing, and/or rearranging one or more steps ofmethod 2600.

In step 2601, consistent with the present disclosure, method 2600 mayinclude receiving one or more images captured by one or more imagesensors from an environment of a retail store and depicting a pluralityof products displayed on at least one store shelf. For example, server135 may be configured to receive one or more images, as described above.The one or more images may depict an environment in a retail store. Forexample, as described above in connection with FIG. 24, the one or moreimages may depict aisles of shelves with different categories ofproducts displayed thereon, and as described above in connection withFIG. 25, the one or more images may depict a customer passing by theshelves with a cart. Additionally or alternatively to step 2601, theprocessor may receive readings from detection elements attached to storeshelves in the plurality of retail stores, as described above inrelation to FIGS. 8A, 8B and 9.

In step 2603, consistent with the present disclosure, method 2600 mayinclude detecting in the one or more images a first product. The firstproduct may have an associated first correct display location. Forexample, server 135 may detect a first product in the one or more imagesusing product models stored in database 140, as described aboveAdditionally or alternatively to step 2603, the processor may analyzethe received readings from the detection elements, alone or incombination with the image data, to determine the location of the firstproduct and/or to identify a product type of the first product, forexample as described above.

Consistent with the present disclosure, a correct display locationassociated to a product may be stored in the digital records in database140, as described above.

In step 2605, consistent with the present disclosure, method 2600 mayinclude determining, based on analysis of the one or more images, thatthe first product is not located in the first correct display location.For example, server 135 may be configured to determine whether the firstproduct is located in the first correct display location, as describedabove.

In step 2607, consistent with the present disclosure, method 2600 mayinclude determining an indicator of a first level of urgency forreturning the first product to the associated first correct displaylocation. Server 135 may use an algorithm for determining a level ofurgency based on the identified characteristics, as described above.

In step 2609, consistent with the present disclosure, method 2600 mayinclude causing an issuance of a user-notification associated with thefirst product, wherein the user-notification is issued within a firstperiod of time from when the first product was determined not to belocated in the first correct display location. For example, if the firstproduct is determined not to be located in the first correct displaylocation, server 135 may cause an issuance of a user-notification on anoutput device, as described above. Consistent with the presentdisclosure, server 135 may be configured to determine the first periodof time, as described above.

In step 2611, consistent with the present disclosure, method 2600 mayinclude detecting in the one or more images a second product, whereinthe second product has an associated second correct display location. Asdescribed above, server 135 may detect a second product in the one ormore images, based on image analysis and using the product models. Also,as described above, the detected second product may have an associatedcorrect display location. Additionally or alternatively to step 2609,the processor may analyze the received readings from the detectionelements, alone or in combination with the image data, to determine thelocation of the second product and/or to identify a product type of thesecond product, for example as described above.

In step 2613, consistent with the present disclosure, method 2600 mayinclude determining, based on analysis of the one or more images, thatthe second product is not located in the second correct displaylocation. For example, based on image analysis of the one or moreimages, server 135 may be configured to determine that the secondproduct is not located in the second correct display location, asdescribed above.

In step 2615, consistent with the present disclosure, method 2600 mayinclude determining an indicator of a second level of urgency forreturning the second product to its associated second correct displaylocation. For example, server 135 may use an algorithm to determine alevel of urgency, as described above.

In step 2617, consistent with the present disclosure, after determiningthat the second product is not located in the second correct displaylocation and when the second urgency level is lower than the firsturgency level, method 2600 may include withholding issuance of auser-notification associated with the second product within a timeduration equal to the first period of time, as described above.

Consistent with the present disclosure, method 2600 may also includecausing an issuance of a user-notification associated with the secondproduct within a second period of time from when the second product wasdetermined not to be located in the second correct display location. Thesecond period of time may be longer than the first period of time whenthe second level of urgency is lower than the first level of urgency,for example as described above.

Consistent with the present disclosure, method 2600 may also includedetermining, based on context information derived through analysis ofthe one or more images, whether the first product determined not to belocated in the first correct display requires repositioning, wherein thecontext information indicates at least one of: the first product islocated in a hand of a person, the first product is moving, or the firstproduct is located in a vicinity of at least one person, for example asdescribed above.

The present disclosure relates to a system for processing images toautomatically identify occlusions in a field of view of one or morecameras in retail stores. According to the present disclosure, thesystem may include at least one processor. While the present disclosureprovides examples of the system, it should be noted that aspects of thedisclosure in their broadest sense, are not limited to a system forprocessing images. Rather, the system may be configured to processinformation collected from a retail store. System 100, illustrated inFIG. 1 and described above, is one example of a system for processingimages captured in a retail store and automatically identifyingocclusion events, in accordance with the present disclosure.

Consistent with the present disclosure, the at least one processor maybe configured to receive one or more images captured by one or moreimage sensors from an environment of a retail store and depicting aplurality of products displayed on at least one store shelf. Forexample, image processing unit 130 may receive raw or processed imagedata as described above.

Consistent with the present disclosure, the at least one processor maybe configured to detect in the one or more images a first occlusionevent, wherein the first occlusion event is associated with a firstoccluding object in the retail store. An “occlusion event” may occurwhen an occluding object blocks the view of an image capturing device(i.e., camera), when an occluding object prevents customers from seeingand/or accessing products, shelves, and/or displays, and so forth. Imageprocessing unit 130 may detect an occlusion event and determine theobject causing the occlusion. Many different types of occlusions may beidentified by the disclosed systems and methods. For example, thedisclosed systems and methods may identify occlusions that preventstationary and/or moving cameras from monitoring products, shelves,and/or displays. Additionally or alternatively, for example, thedisclosed systems and methods may identify occlusions and/or blockagesthat prevent customers from seeing and/or accessing products, shelves,and/or displays. By way of another example, the disclosed systems andmethods may identify blockages that may prevent robots and/or personnelfrom traveling within the store.

For example, image processing unit 130 may detect an occlusion event bydetecting a significant change in the brightness in the received images.As another example, image processing unit 130 may detect an occlusionevent by recognizing a partially obscured product and/or a partiallyobscured sign. By way of another example, image processing unit 130 mayrecognize that a product is obscured by recognizing that a logo of thepartially obscured product may not be displayed properly, the entirepackage of the partially obscured product may not be shown, and/or texton the partially obscured product may be cut out, etc. Image processingunit 130 may recognize that a sign is obscured by recognizing that theentire sign is not shown, and/or the text on the sign is not fullydisplayed, etc. In addition, image processing unit 130 may recognize theoccluding object by analyzing the one or more images. Image processingunit 130 may use any suitable image analysis technique including, forexample, object recognition, image segmentation, feature extraction,optical character recognition (OCR), object-based image analysis, shaperegion techniques, edge detection techniques, pixel-based detection,etc. In addition, image processing unit 130 may use classificationalgorithms to distinguish between the different objects in the retailstore. In some embodiments, image processing unit 130 may utilizemachine learning algorithms and models trained using training examplesto detect occlusion events in images and/or to identify occludingobjects from images. In some embodiments, an artificial neural networkconfigured to detect occlusion events in images and/or to identifyoccluding objects from images may be used. In some embodiments, imageprocessing unit 130 may identify the object in the image based at leaston visual characteristics of the occluded object (e.g., size, shape,text, color, etc.).

It is contemplated that the disclosed system may use significantdifferent method to identify occlusions of different types. For example,to identify occlusions of the first type (that prevent stationary and/ormoving cameras from monitoring products, shelves, and/or displays) thesystem may use any of the following methods or other methods, as well.These may include, for example, monitoring the images to detect a(partial) disappearance of a shelf and/or display that is supposed to bein (a known location within) the field of view of the camera. In somecases, the system may further analyze input from another camera thatmonitors the disappearing shelf and/or display from a different angle todetermine that the shelf and/or display was not physically removed.Additionally or alternatively, the disclosed system may monitor thefield of view of the camera (or part of the field of view) to determinethat an object entered the (part of) the field of view that monitorsproducts, shelves and/or displays and occludes at least part of them.Additionally, the images may be analyzed to determine a type of theoccluding object.

It is contemplated that to identify occlusions and/or blockages of thesecond type (that prevent customers from seeing or accessing products,shelves, and/or displays) the system may use any of the followingmethods or other methods. By way of example, the disclosed system maymonitor the images to estimate position and/or size of an object, anduse a rule to determine if the object is an occluding object based onthe estimated position and/or size. For example, the rule may bemanually programmed. Additionally or alternatively, the disclosed systemmay monitor the images to estimate the size of an object and therelative position of the object with respect to a product, shelf and/ordisplay. The disclosed system may further calculate an occluded areabased on the estimated size and the relative position, and may determinewhether the occluded area comprises an area designed for a customer topass through. As another example, the disclosed system may monitor theimages to estimate the position and/or size of an object, estimateposition and/or height of a customer depicted in the image, anddetermines whether the object is positioned between the customer (bodypart of the customer, e.g., head, eyes, hands, body, etc.) and aproduct, shelf and/or display. By way of yet another example, thedisclosed system may analyze the movement pattern of the customers toidentify irregular motion due to an object (for example, irregularwalking trajectory, irregular grabbing movement, etc.), and identify anobject as an occluding object based on the identified irregular motion.

It is further contemplated that to identify blockages of the third type(that prevent robots from traveling within the store) the system may useany of the following methods or other methods as well. By way ofexample, the disclosed system may monitor the images to determine apresent of an object in a predefined area, monitor the images todetermine that at least a selected amount of a passage is blocked,and/or monitor the images to determine that the open area for movementis below a selected threshold.

In some embodiments, image processing unit 130 may include a machinelearning module that may be trained using supervised models. Supervisedmodels are a type of machine learning that provides a machine learningmodule with training data, which pairs input data with desired outputdata. The training data may provide a knowledge basis for futurejudgment. The machine learning module may be configured to receive setsof training data, which comprises data with an “object name” tag anddata with tag “no object”. For example, the training data comprisesimages of boxes with “box” tags and other images with tag “no object”.The machine learning module may learn to identify “box” by applying alearning algorithm to the set of training data. The machine learningmodule may be configured to receive sets of test data, which aredifferent from the training data and may have no tag. The machinelearning module may identify the test data that contains the object. Forexample, receiving sets of test images, the machine learning module mayidentify the images with a box in them, and tag them as “box.” This mayallow the machine learning developers to better understand theperformance of the training, and thus make some adjustments accordingly.

In additional or alternative embodiments, the machine learning modulemay be trained using unsupervised models. Unsupervised models are a typeof machine learning using untampered data which are not labelled orselected. Applying algorithms, the machine learning module identifiescommonalities in the data. Based on the presence and the absence of thecommonalities, the machine learning module may categorize futurereceived data. For example, the machine learning module may identifycommonalities of a ladder. When a future received image has thecommonalities, the machine learning module may determine that the imagecontains a ladder. Image processing unit 130 may store the commonalitiesassociated to an object in database 140.

Consistent with the present disclosure, image processing unit 130 mayrecognize the occluding objects in the image, based on the one or moreidentified characteristic. For example, when image processing unit 130determined that an image has some characteristics of “ladder,” such as,“rungs”, “side rails”, “foot”, etc., image processing unit 130 mayrecognize “ladder” in the image.

Consistent with the present disclosure, the at least one processor maybe configured to analyze the plurality of images to determine anindicator of a first level of urgency for resolving the first occlusionevent. The term “level of urgency for resolving the first occlusionevent” refers to any indication, numeric or otherwise, of a level (e.g.,within a predetermined range) indicative of an urgency to resolve theocclusion event, for example by removing the occluding object thatcauses the occlusion event. For example, the level of urgency may have avalue between 1 and 10. Image processing unit 130 may store thedetermined level of urgency in database 140. A level of urgency may beused, for example, to determine whether to send the users a notificationfor resolving the first occlusion event. Image processing unit 130 maycomprise an algorithm to determine a level of urgency, at least based onthe detected occluding object. For example, when the occluding object inthe one or more images is identified as “human,” image processing unit130 may assign 2 points to the level of urgency for resolving theocclusion event. When the occluding object in the one or more images isidentified as “ladder,” image processing unit 130 may assign 5 points tothe level of urgency for resolving the occlusion event, for example dueto the danger might be caused by the ladder. In some examples, differenttypes of occluding objects may be assigned different point values. Whilethe present disclosure provides examples of occluding objects, it shouldbe noted that aspects of the disclosure in their broadest sense, are notlimited to the disclosed examples.

In addition, when the one or more images contain one or more shelves,image processing unit 130 may analyze the one or more images to identifythe shelves in the image, as described above. Based on theidentification of the shelves, image processing unit 130 may determinethe level of urgency for resolving the occlusion event. For example,when the shelf is identified to be for high profit margin (e.g., drugs,dairy products, etc.), image processing unit 130 may determine the levelof urgency to be 10. In another example, when the shelf is identified tobe of fast turnover products, the level of urgency may be determined tobe 8.

Consistent with the present disclosure, the at least one processor maybe configured to cause issuance of a user-notification associated withthe first occlusion event, wherein the user-notification is issuedwithin a first period of time from when the first occlusion event wasdetected. Image processing unit 130 may compare the determined firstlevel of urgency for resolving the first occlusion event to a selectedthreshold (such as a pre-determined threshold, a threshold determinedaccording to other pending tasks, and so forth). For example, once thefirst level of urgency is determined to be above the selected threshold,server 135 may cause an issuance of a user-notification on an outputdevice, for example using I/O system 210 and peripherals interface 208.Output device (e.g., a display screen, a speaker, etc.) may receive theuser-notification and display the user-notification to a user. Theuser-notification may include text message, audio recording, image, map,indication of the occluding object (such as an image depicting theoccluding object, type of the occluding object, etc.), indication of theocclusion event location (such as image depicting the occlusion eventlocation, map identifying the occlusion event location, etc.),indication of tools required to resolve the occlusion event, and/or theindicator of the level of urgency, etc.

Consistent with the present disclosure, server 135 may be configured todetermine a first period of time starting from when the first occlusionevent was detected. In some aspects, server 135 may determine a firstperiod of time based on the level of urgency. For example, the higherthe level of urgency is, the shorter the first period of time may be. Insome aspects, server 135 may determine a first period of time based onthe identified occluding object. For example, when “ladder” isidentified to be the occluding object, server 135 may determine a firstperiod of time to be shorter than for some other occluding objects.Image processing unit 130 may also include a timer configured to measurea specific time interval, that may be, the determined period of time.The timer may be implemented in software language, a hardware timer, andso forth. The timer may be configured to receive an indication firstperiod of time from processing device 202. The timer may be configuredto count down from the time when the first occlusion event was firstdetected.

Consistent with the present disclosure, the at least one processor maybe configured to detect in the one or more images a second occlusionevent, wherein the second occlusion event is associated with a secondoccluding object in the retail store. As described above, imageprocessing unit 130 may detect a second occlusion event in the one ormore images, based on image analysis, for example in similar manners tothe detection of the first occlusion event as described above.

Consistent with the present disclosure, the at least one processor maybe configured to analyze the plurality of images to determine anindicator of a second level of urgency for resolving the secondocclusion event. As described above, image processing unit 130 maycomprise an algorithm to determine a second level of urgency, forexample, in similar manners to the detection of the first occlusionevent as described above. Image processing unit 130 may store thedetermined level of urgency in database 140. A level of urgency may beused, for example, to determine a time duration before sending anotification for resolving the second occlusion event to the user. Apractical problem in the system described above is that products shelvesand/or displays are repeatedly occluded or blocked temporary. To avoidan abundance of unnecessary notifications due to temporary occlusionsand/or blockages, the system may withhold notifications due to temporaryocclusions and/or blockages. In order to avoid false or unnecessaryalerts, the system may withhold alerts due to temporary occlusions. Forexample, the system may withhold alerts based on the type of occludingobject, based on the type of occlusion (occlusion to customer, camera,etc.), based on an amount of the occlusion, due to occlusions for shorttime periods, due to occlusions which are manned (that is, the personplacing the occluding object is still in the vicinity), and so forth.Optionally, the parameters may depend on the type of product on theshelf, the location of the shelf, etc.

Consistent with the present disclosure the received images may beanalyzed to identify a store shelf occlusion event, and/or to determinewhether the store shelf occlusion event is temporary. Upon adetermination that the store shelf occlusion event is temporary,notification to a user regarding the store shelf occlusion may bewithheld. Upon a determination that the store shelf occlusion event isnot temporary, notification to a user regarding the store shelfocclusion may be provided. By way of example, the notification mayinclude information related to the store shelf, information related to alocation associated with the occlusion event, information related to atype of the occlusion event, information related to an occluding objectassociated with the occlusion event, visual depiction of the occlusionevent, a timer showing the time from the first detection of theocclusion event, and so forth.

As another example, the determination whether the store shelf occlusionevent is temporary may be based on time duration associated with theocclusion event (for example, determining that the event is nottemporary when the occlusion is present for at least a selected timeduration), on the presence of a person associated with the occlusionevent (for example, determining that the occlusion event is temporarywhen the person that placed the object causing the occlusion is in thevicinity of the occluding object), on a motion of an occluding objectassociated with the occlusion event (for example, determining that theevent is temporary when the object is moving), on a location of anoccluding object associated with the occlusion event (for example, inthe determination process, using one threshold for one location and asecond threshold for a second location), on a type of an occludingobject associated with the occlusion event (for example, ignoringocclusions caused by some types of objects, and/or, in the determinationprocess, using one threshold for one type of object and a secondthreshold for a second type of object), on a type associated with thestore shelf (for example, in the determination process, using onethreshold for one store shelf and a second threshold for a second storeshelf, for example, based on the impotency and/or value of the storeshelf), etc. By way of example, a temporarily occluding object mayinclude a person (customer, employee, etc.) moving through the storeand/or a cart positioned temporarily in the store. As another example, atemporarily occluding object may include an object positioned near theperson that positioned it (which might indicate that the person maystill move the object), for example where the person is still in thefield of view or a selected part of the field of view of the camera,where the distance (in pixels or in the physical world) between theperson and the object is less than a selected threshold, etc.

Consistent with the present disclosure, when the second urgency level islower than the first urgency level, the at least one processor may beconfigured to withhold issuance of a user-notification associated withthe second occlusion event within a time duration equal to the firstperiod of time. In some examples, delaying the user-notificationassociated with the second occlusion event may allow the secondocclusion event (which may be less urgent than the first occlusionevent) to be resolved naturally, without an initiated intervention.Image processing unit 130 may be configured to compare and/or rank thefirst and second levels of urgency for resolving the occlusion events.When the second level of urgency is determined to be lower than thefirst level of urgency, image processing unit 130 may withhold issuanceof a user-notification associated with the second occlusion event. Asdescribed above, image processing unit 130 may also include a timerconfigured to measure a specific time interval. Image processing unit130 may withhold the issuance of the user-notification associated withthe second occlusion event for a time duration equal to or longer thanthe first period of time, for example by utilizing the timer. It is alsocontemplated that a temporarily occlusion event may be detected based onan occlusion and/or blockage time period shorter than a selectedthreshold. Such thresholds may be selected based on the occluding and/orblocking object type, type of occluded product, occluded productcategory, occluded brand, occluded shelf, height of the occluded shelf,occluded display, occluded aisle, location within the store, the store,the retail chain, and so forth. For example, the first identifiedoccluding object is a “ladder,” and the second identified occludingobject is a “human.” Image processing unit 130 may determine that thesecond occlusion event to have a lower level of urgency than the firstocclusion event, so image processing unit 130 may withhold the issuanceof the user-notification associated with the second occlusion eventuntil the user-notification associated with the first occlusion event issent to the output device. This may help the users to prioritize whichocclusion event should be resolved first. In some embodiments,user-notification associated with some second occlusion events (such asocclusion events where the identified occluding object is a “human”) maybe permanently forgone.

Consistent with the present disclosure, the at least one processor maybe configured to cause an issuance of a user-notification associatedwith the second occlusion event within a second period of time from whenthe occlusion event was detected, wherein the second period of time islonger than the first period of time when the second level of urgency islower than the first level of urgency. The at least one processor mayissue alerts in response to occlusion (to customer, to camera, etc.) ofretail store shelves. For example, as described above, once the secondocclusion event is detected, image processing unit 130 may cause anissuance of a user-notification on an output device, for example usingI/O system 210 and peripherals interface 208, and the output device(e.g., a display screen, a speaker, etc.) may receive theuser-notification and display the user-notification to a user. Theuser-notification may include text message, audio recording, image, map,indication of the correct location, indication of the occlusion eventlocation, indication of the occluding object, indication of the occludedobject, and/or the indicator of the level of urgency, etc.

Consistent with the present disclosure, image processing unit 130 may beconfigured to determine a second period of time starting from when thesecond occlusion event was detected. The second period of time may bedetermined based on the second level of urgency. For example, when thesecond level of urgency is lower than the first level of urgency, imageprocessing unit 130 may determine the second period of time to be longerthan the first period of time. In a case where the first level ofurgency is determined to be 8 and the second level of urgency isdetermined to be 2, and image processing unit 130 has determined thefirst period of time to be 30 seconds, image processing unit 130 maydetermine the second period of time to be 10 minutes.

Consistent with the present disclosure, the user-notification may bepart of a product-related task assigned to a store employee and mayinclude at least one of: information about a type of an occlusion event,information about an identify of an occluding object, information aboutan identify of an occluded product, information about a locationassociated with an occlusion event, and a visual depiction of theocclusion event. After the identification of an occlusion and/or ablockage, the system may create a task for removing the occluding and/orblocking objects, assign the task to an employee (for example, asdescribed below in relation to FIGS. 33-35), guide the employee in theperformance of the task (for example, navigating the employee to theoccluding object, marking the occluding object in augmented reality(AR), guiding the employee using AR, etc.), and monitor the performanceof the task. For example, shown in FIG. 11D, GUI 1130 may include afirst display area 1132 for showing a list of notifications or textmessages indicating several in-store execution events that requireattention. The execution events may include one or more task to resolvean occlusion event. The notifications may include text messages and alink to an image (or the image itself). The image may depict theocclusion event. The notifications may also include information aboutthe location of the occlusion event. For example, the notification mayinclude text message, such as, “Please resolve the occlusion event atsecond aisle, soft drink section, 3rd floor.” The notifications may alsoinclude information about a store shelf that is obscured. For example,the notification may include a link to FIG. 27 or 28 or simply FIG. 27or 28 themselves, that depict occlusion events. Additionally oralternatively, the notification may include a text message thatdescribes the occlusion event and/or the occluding object, such as “aladder is blocking the view of camera number 23,” “the shelf in thecleaning product section is blocked,” “an employee is blocking the viewof the camera on the 5th aisle,” “a ladder is occluding the camera onaisle 14,” or the like.

In another example, shown in FIG. 11D, GUI 1140 may include a firstdisplay area 1142 for showing a real-time display of a video streamcaptured by output device 145C with real-time augmented markingsindicting a status of planogram compliance for each product (e.g.,correct place, misplaced, not in planogram, and empty). GUI 1140 mayalso include a second display area 1144 for showing a summary of theplanogram compliance for all the products identified in the video streamcaptured by output device 145C. Consistent with the present disclosure,server 135 may generate within minutes actionable tasks to improve storeexecution (for example, in less than a second, less than 10 seconds,less than a minute, less than 10 minutes, more than 10 minutes, and soforth). These tasks may help employees of retail store 105 to quicklyaddress situations that can negatively impact revenue and customerexperience in the retail store 105. Such tasks may include resolving theocclusion event. GUI 1140 may also display the user-notifications asdescribed above. It is also contemplated that the disclosed systems andmethods may determine that the occlusion and/or blockage was moved (forexample, by a customer, by another employee, etc.) without anintervention of the employee, and cancel the task or update the taskaccordingly (for example, in the case the customer repositioned theoccluding object so that it occlude another location in the store).

Consistent with the present disclosure, the at least one processor maybe configured to detect in the one or more images the second occlusionevent at a time within the first period of time from when the firstocclusion event was detected. For example, when the first period of timeis determined to be 30 seconds, image processing unit 130 may detect asecond occlusion event in the 30 seconds after the first occlusion eventwas detected. This may help better allocate the resources, and helpfocus on the area that contains greater level of urgency and shorterperiod of time before causing user-notification.

Consistent with the present disclosure, the indicator of the first levelof urgency for resolving the first occlusion event may be associatedwith an occlusion type of the first occlusion event. Occlusion type maydescribe the cause of the occlusion event and the seriousness of theocclusion. Three exemplary occlusion types may be as follows: First,“human caused occlusion event” type describes occlusion events that areresulted from one or more persons (e.g., a customer, an employee, etc.)Image processing unit 130 may be configured to distinguish the person inthe one or more images. For example, based on image analysis, imageprocessing unit 130 may recognize the person is an employee byidentifying at least one “employee characteristic,” such as, wearing auniform, and/or wearing employee identification. Image processing unit130 may further categorize the occlusion events into “customer causedocclusion event” and “employee caused occlusion event.” As illustrated,for example, in FIG. 27, employee 2703 may cause an occlusion event, andthus, will be categorized as “human caused occlusion.” Second, “objectcaused occlusion event” type describes occlusion events that areresulted from one or more occluding objects. As illustrated, forexample, in FIG. 28, ladder 2805 and box 2803 may cause the occlusionevent, and thus, will be categorized as “object caused occlusion.”Third, “robot caused occlusion event” type describes occlusion eventsthat are resulted from one or more robots (e.g., cleaning robot,product-sorting robot, and/or autonomous vehicle, etc.) When anocclusion event is detected and the occluding object is determined to bean employee, image processing unit 130 may determine the level ofurgency for resolving the human caused occlusion event to be 1, whichmay be the lowest. In another example, when a ladder is determining tobe the occluding object, the occlusion event is categorized as “objectcaused occlusion event” type, and image processing unit 130 maydetermine the level of urgency for resolving the occlusion event to be10. In some examples, each occlusion event type may have apre-determined level of urgency for resolving it. The pre-determinedlevel of urgency may be stored in database 140.

Consistent with the present disclosure, when the occlusion type of thefirst occlusion event is a customer occlusion event, the first period oftime may be shorter than when the occlusion type of the first occlusionevent is an object occlusion event. For example, when a customer isdetected and determined to be the occluding object, image processingunit 130 may determine the first period of time to be 5 minutes, atleast because it may be more urgent to resolve such occlusion. In someaspects, the first period of time may be a random value from 0-10minutes. In another example, when a ladder is detected and determined tobe the occluding object, and because a ladder falls in “object causedocclusion event” type, image processing unit 130 may determine the firstperiod of time to be 15 minutes. In some aspects, the first period oftime may be a random value from 10-60 minutes.

Consistent with the present disclosure, when the occlusion type of thefirst occlusion event is a robot occlusion event, the first period oftime may be longer than when the occlusion type of the first occlusionevent is an object occlusion event. For example, when a robot isdetected and determined to be the occluding object, and because a robotfalls in “robot caused occlusion event” type, image processing unit 130may determine the first period of time to be 120 minutes. In someaspects, the first period of time may be a random value from 61-180minutes. Further, as described above, the period of time may be longerfor “robot caused occlusion event” type than for “object causedocclusion event,” at least because robots may have more predictablebehaviors than other inanimate objects, and/or because objects may causedanger to the customers.

Consistent with the present disclosure, when the first occlusion eventand the second occlusion event are associated with a same occlusiontype, the at least one processor may be configured to determine theindicator of a second level of urgency for resolving the secondocclusion event based on information determined about the secondoccluding object. For example, both first and second occlusion eventsmay be determined to be associated with “human caused occlusion event”type. Image processing unit 130 may further categorize the same type ofocclusion events into “customer caused occlusion event” and “employeecaused occlusion event.” For example, based on image analysis, imageprocessing unit 130 may recognize the person is an employee as describedabove. Image processing unit 130 may further categorize the occlusionevents into “customer caused occlusion event” and “employee causedocclusion event.” In another example, image processing unit 130 mayrecognize different occluding objects (e.g., a box, a ladder, a cart, adisplay stand, etc.) using object recognition methods described above.Image processing unit 130 may further categorize “object causedocclusion event” type into “ladder caused occlusion event,” “cart causedocclusion event,” etc., based on the occluding objects. Each occlusionevent associated with an occluding object may have different level ofurgency for resolving the occlusion event. For example, a ladder mayhave a higher level of urgency than a box. Further, a customer may havea higher level of urgency than an employee. While the present disclosureprovides examples of techniques and analysis for determining theoccluding object and the level of urgency, it should be noted thataspects of the disclosure in their broadest sense, are not limited tothe disclosed examples.

Consistent with the present disclosure, the at least one processor maybe further configured to determine the indicator of the first level ofurgency for resolving the first occlusion event based on a type of thefirst occluding object and to determine the indicator of the secondlevel of urgency for resolving the second occlusion event based on atype of the second occluding object. For example, as shown in FIG. 28,ladder 2805 may be determined to be the first occluding object and box2803 may be determined to be the second occluding object. Imageprocessing unit 130 may determine different levels of urgency associatedwith different occluding objects. For example, the level of urgencyassociated with ladder 2805 may be determined to be 8, and the level ofurgency associated with box 2803 may be determined to be 2.

Consistent with the present disclosure, when the first and secondoccluding objects are persons, and when the at least one processor maybe further configured to: determine the indicator of the first level ofurgency for resolving the first occlusion event based on a determinedidentity of the first occluding object, and determine the indicator ofthe second level of urgency for resolving the second occlusion eventbased on a determined identity of the second occluding object. Forexample, a customer may be determined to be the first occluding objectand an employee may be determined to be the second occluding object.Based on image analysis, image processing unit 130 may recognize theperson is an employee as described above. Image processing unit 130 maydetermine different levels of urgency associated with differentoccluding objects. For example, an employee may be an occluding objectwhile re-stocking shelves or determining and/or verifying the prices ofone or more products on the store shelves. In contrast a customer may bean occluding object as the customer browses the products on the storeshelves. Image processing unit 130 may determine different levels ofurgency associated with the occluding object depending on whether theoccluding object is a customer or a store employee. For example, thelevel of urgency associated with the customer may be determined to be 4,and the level of urgency associated with the employee may be determinedto be 2.

Consistent with the present disclosure, the at least one processor maybe further configured to: determine the indicator of the first level ofurgency for resolving the first occlusion event based on detected motionof the first occluding object, and determine the indicator of the secondlevel of urgency for resolving the second occlusion event based ondetected motion of the second occluding object. For example, in FIG. 25,image processing unit may recognize a moving cart and a customer in twoor more images 2500. As described above, to determine whether theproduct is in a moving cart, image processing unit 130 may use anysuitable image analysis technique.

In another example, where the customer is not moving, and the cart ismoving towards the right. The customer may be determined to be the firstoccluding object and the cart may be determined to be the secondoccluding object. The level of urgency associated with customer may bedetermined to be 8, and the level of urgency associated with the movingcart may be determined to be 2.

Consistent with the present disclosure, the at least one processor maybe further configured to: determine the indicator of the first level ofurgency for resolving the first occlusion event based on a determinedlocation of the first occluding object, and determine the indicator ofthe second level of urgency for resolving the second occlusion eventbased on a determined location of the second occluding object. Forexample, image processing unit 130 may determine the location depictedin the one or more images as described above. Image processing unit 130may determine the indicator of level of urgency based on the determinedlocation of the occlusion events. Thus, for example, a level of urgencyfor an occlusion event near a cashier may be higher than a level ofurgency for an occlusion event near a storage location, because, forexample, an occlusion near the cashier may impede a smooth flow oftraffic through the store.

Consistent with the present disclosure, wherein the at least oneprocessor may be further configured to: determine the indicator of thefirst level of urgency for resolving the first occlusion event based ona determined lack of people in proximity to the first occluding object,and determine the indicator of the second level of urgency for resolvingthe second occlusion event based on an identification of people inproximity of the second occluding object. It is contemplated thatocclusion events that occur without the presence of a person may be moredetrimental than those that occur in the presence of a person. Forexample, when image processing unit 130 detects a cart with no personnear it, image processing unit 130 may determine the level of urgencyassociated with cart to be high, to notify an employee to resolve theocclusion as soon as possible. By way of another example, when imageprocessing unit 130 detects a cart with a person near it, imageprocessing unit 130 may determine the level associated with the cart tobe low or even 0, that may not be identified as an occlusion event. Thisis because, it may be expected that a person moving through the storemay be accompanied by a cart in which the person may place any itemsand/or products for purchase. Thus, a cart with a person near it maycause a temporary occlusion until the person moves the cart andtherefore may not be detrimental to the detection of objects in thestore.

Consistent with the present disclosure, the at least one processor maybe further configured to determine, after the time duration, that thesecond occluding object continues to cause the second occlusion event,and, in response, cause issuance of a user-notification associated withthe second occlusion event. As discussed above, the disclosed systemsand methods may withhold issuance of a user notification for a period oftime depending on the urgency level. However, upon expiry of the periodof time, if the occlusion event still remains and/or persists, thedisclosed systems and methods may issue the user notification. By way ofanother example, when a user may not have performed the task ofresolving an occlusion event, image processing unit 130 may beconfigured to cause another issuance of user-notification. This mayalert the user and remind the user to perform the task.

Consistent with the present disclosure, the at least one processor maybe further configured to detect in the plurality of images a changeassociated with the second occlusion event; determine the indicator ofthe second level of urgency for resolving the second occlusion eventbased on the change associated with the second occlusion event; andcause issuance of a user-notification associated with the secondocclusion within the time duration equal to the first period of time.The disclosed systems and methods may detect a change associated with anocclusion event. For example, an occluded portion of the image may haveincreased and/or changed in shape or size. The disclosed systems andmethods may issue a user-notification based on detection of the changein the occlusion event. For example, the occluding object may be a boxof apples that are piled up neatly. If the piled apples fall on theground, image processing unit 130 may detect that one or more apples isnot at its original position, using image analysis methods describedabove. Thus, image processing unit 130 may determine that a change inthe occlusion event happened. Based on the detected change, imageprocessing unit 130 may determine the level of urgency associated to thebox of apples to be high. Such a change may trigger image processingunit 130 to issue a user-notification to inform the users, regarding achange in the occlusion event.

Consistent with the present disclosure, the at least one processor maybe further configured to determine a location of the first occlusionevent and to direct an employee to the determined location. Imageprocessing unit 130 may determine a location of an occlusion eventdepicted in the one or more images by recognizing the location depictedin the one or more images (for example, next to the detected occlusionevent) as described above. After the location is determined, imageprocessing unit 130 may send the location information to a user, forexample using I/O system 210 and peripherals interface 208. An outputdevice (e.g., a display screen, a speaker, AR system, etc.) may receivethe information and display to the user. Such location information maybe an address (e.g., second aisle, soft drink section, 3rd floor) and/ora map that shows the location.

FIG. 27 illustrates an exemplary image received by the system,consistent with the present disclosure. The image may depict anocclusion event. For example, in image 2700 an occlusion event may becaused by person 2703. After receiving the image, server 135 may beconfigured to detect an occlusion event. Based on image analysisdescribed above, server 135 may detect the occluding object (i.e.,customer 2703) that obscures at least one product 2701. Further, asdescribed above, server 135 may be configured to determine the person tobe a customer based on at least one characteristic.

FIG. 28 is another exemplary image received by the system, consistentwith the present disclosure. Image 2800 may be one of many images thattogether depict, for example, box 2803 and ladder 2805 that may blockthe field of view of the capturing device that took the images. Further,products 2801 may be blocked entirely or partially by box 2803 and/orladder 2805. Based on image analysis, server 135 may be configured torecognize box 2803 and/or ladder 2805. Additionally or alternatively, bycomparing images captured in sequence, server 135 may determine thatboth box 2803 and ladder 2805 are not moving for a certain period oftime.

FIG. 29 is a flow chart, illustrating an exemplary method 2900 forprocessing images to automatically identify occlusions in a field ofview of one or more cameras in retail stores, in accordance with thepresent disclosure. The order and arrangement of steps in method 2900 isprovided for purposes of illustration. As will be appreciated from thisdisclosure, modifications may be made to process 2900 by, for example,adding, combining, removing, and/or rearranging one or more steps ofprocess 2900. Consistent with the present disclosure, a computer programproduct for processing images captured in retail stores embodied in anon-transitory computer-readable medium and executable by at least oneprocessor may be provided. The computer program product may includeinstructions for causing the at least one processor to execute a method(e.g. process 2900) for processing images to automatically identifyocclusions in a field of view of one or more cameras in retail stores.

In step 2901, consistent with the present disclosure, the method mayinclude receiving one or more images captured by one or more imagesensors from an environment of a retail store and depicting a pluralityof products displayed on at least one store shelf. For example, server135 may be configured to receive one or more images depicting anenvironment in a retail store, as described above.

In step 2903, consistent with the present disclosure, the method mayinclude detecting in the one or more images a first occlusion event,wherein the first occlusion event is associated with a first occludingobject in the retail store. For example, server 135 may detect anocclusion event and determine and/or identify the object causing theocclusion as described above.

In step 2905, consistent with the present disclosure, the method mayinclude analyzing the plurality of images to determine an indicator of afirst level of urgency for resolving the first occlusion event. Forexample, server 135 may determine the level of urgency and/or theindicator of the level of urgency as described above.

In step 2907, consistent with the present disclosure, the method mayinclude causing issuance of a user-notification associated with thefirst occlusion event, wherein the user-notification is issued within afirst period of time from when the first occlusion event was detected.As described above, once the first level of urgency is determined not tobe above a pre-determined threshold, sever 135 may cause an issuance ofa user-notification as described above. Consistent with the presentdisclosure, server 135 may be configured to determine a first period oftime starting from when the first occlusion event was detected, asdescribed above. Server 135 may also include a timer configured tomeasure a specific time interval, that may be, the determined period oftime.

In step 2909, consistent with the present disclosure, the method mayinclude detecting in the one or more images a second occlusion event,wherein the second occlusion event is associated with a second occludingobject in the retail store. As described above, server 135 may detect asecond occlusion event in the one or more images, based on imageanalysis, for example in similar manners to the detection of the firstocclusion event as described above.

In step 2911, consistent with the present disclosure, the method mayinclude analyzing the plurality of images to determine an indicator of asecond level of urgency for resolving the second occlusion event. Forexample, server 135 may determine the second level of urgency and/or theindicator of the second level of urgency as described above.

Consistent with the present disclosure, the at least one processor maybe configured to determine an indicator of a second level of urgency forresolving the second occlusion event. As described above, server 135 maycomprise an algorithm to determine a second level of urgency, based onthe identified characteristics of the second occlusion event. Further,server 135 may store the determined level of urgency in database 140. Alevel of urgency may be used, for example, to determine a time durationbefore sending a notification for resolving the occlusion event to theuser.

In step 2913, consistent with the present disclosure, when the secondurgency level is lower than the first urgency level, the method mayinclude withholding issuance of a user-notification associated with thesecond occlusion event within a time duration equal to the first periodof time. Consistent with the present disclosure, server 135 may beconfigured to compare and/or rank the first and second level of urgencyfor resolving the occlusion events. When the second level of urgency isdetermined to be lower than the first level of urgency, server 135 maywithhold issuance of a user-notification associated with the secondocclusion event. As described above, image processing unit 130 may alsoinclude a timer configured to measure a specific time interval. Server135 may withhold the issuance of the user-notification associated withthe second occlusion event for a time duration equal to the first periodof time, by utilizing the timer. For example, when the first identifiedoccluding object is a “ladder,” and the second identified occludingobject is a “human,” server 135 may determine that the second occlusionevent to have a lower level of urgency than the first occlusion event.For example, the level of urgency for resolving the first occlusionevent may be 10 and the level of urgency for resolving the secondocclusion event may be 2. Further, the first period of time may bedetermined to be 30 seconds, that is, the user-notification associatedwith the first occluding object will be send within 30 seconds startingfrom when the first occlusion event is detected. Because the level ofurgency for resolving the second occlusion event has a lower value,server 135 may withhold issuance of a user-notification associated withthe second occlusion event within a time duration equal to the firstperiod of time. In some examples, server 135 may withhold at leastanother 30 seconds after the second occlusion event is detected. It iscontemplated that when the second level of urgency is determined to behigher than the first level of urgency, server 135 may not withholdissuance of a user-notification associated with the second occlusionevent and instead may issue the user-notification immediately.

Consistent with the present disclosure, the method may also includedetermining the indicators of the first and second levels of urgencybased on at least one of: determined types of one or more of the firstand second occluding objects, determined identities of one or more ofthe first and second occluding objects, detected motion associated withone or more of the first and second occluding objects, determinedlocations of one or more of the first and second occluding objects, oridentification of people in proximity to one or more of the first andsecond occluding objects. For example, image processing unit 130 maydetermine a level of urgency as described above.

Consistent with the present disclosure, the method may also includedetermining, after the time duration, that the second occluding objectcontinues to cause the second occlusion event, and, in response, causingissuance of a user-notification associated with the second occlusionevent. For example, when the employee did not perform the task ofresolving the occlusion event, server 135 may be configured to causeanother issuance of user-notification. This may alert the user andremind the user to perform the task. While the present disclosureprovides examples of the situations, it should be noted that aspects ofthe disclosure in their broadest sense, are not limited to the disclosedexamples.

In some embodiments, captured images may be analyzed to determinewhether at least one additional product of a selected product type maybe inserted to a store shelf, and a notification may be provided to auser based on the determination. In some examples, the determination maybe based on whether a rearrangement of the plurality of products mayenable the insertion of the at least one additional product on the storeshelf. In some cases, the notification provided to the user may comprisea visualization of the rearrangement.

In some examples, the captured images may be analyzed to identify aplurality of spaces in between the plurality of products on the storeshelves and/or on one or two sides of the plurality of products. Theimages may be analyzed to measure/determine the lengths of the spaces(or any other indicator of the sizes of available openings on a shelf).The determination may be based on lengths of the spaces and a length ofthe product (for example, as measured by analyzing the image or byaccessing a catalog of products together with their measurements). Thespaces in between the plurality of products on the store shelves mayinclude horizontal spaces between products in a shelf and/or verticalspaces between shelves. For example, the sum of lengths of the spacesmay be calculated and compared with the length of the product, and ifthe length of a product is smaller by at least a selected length (whichmay be zero, constant, depend on the number of products, depend on thenumber of spaces, etc.) from the sum of lengths, it may be determinedthat an additional product may be inserted. In another example, the sumof lengths of the spaces may be calculated after applying a function onthe lengths of the spaces (such as subtracting from at least some of thelengths of the spaces a selected length, choosing the lower valuebetween a selected minimal length and a function of the measured length,and so forth). Additionally, the system may determine that an additionalshelf may be included when the sum of lengths of the vertical spacesbetween a plurality of shelves is higher than a threshold.

Consistent with the present disclosure, server 115 may access apredetermined planogram. The predetermined planogram may be associatedwith contractual obligations and/or other preferences related to theretailer methodology for placement of products on the store shelves.Moreover, server 115 may use the predetermined planogram and thecalculated sum of lengths of the spaces to determine whether arearrangement of the plurality of products may enable the insertion ofthe at least one additional product on the store shelf.

Consistent with the present disclosure, a rearrangement event may bedetermined. A rearrangement event may exist when one or more productarrangement conditions on at least one shelf are determined to bepresent, where altering at least one of the one or more of the productarrangement conditions may improve service (e.g., by productrearrangement). Consistent with the present disclosure, aproduct-related task may be generated. The product-related task mayinclude directions for a human or machine to rearrange, re-orient, orotherwise manipulate a product, a plurality of products, a shelf, aplurality of shelves, a shelving unit, a plurality of shelving units, ora combination thereof such that a vacant space is reduced or eliminated.

According to the present disclosure, a system for processing imagescaptured in a retail store is disclosed. The system may include at leastone processor. By way of example, FIG. 1 illustrates a system 100, whichmay include image processing unit 130, which in turn may include server135. As discussed above, server 135 may include processing device 202,which may include at least one processor. System 100 may detect vacantspaces between products on a shelf in a retail environment and determinethat, by rearranging the products, additional products may fit on theshelf if the vacant spaces are reduced or eliminated. System 100 mayalso detect vacant spaces between products and use that information todetermine, for example, whether a retail store is in compliance with aplanogram or other standard for displaying a product. For example,system 100 may detect two groups of products on a shelf, each product ofa first group being a different size than the products of the othergroup, and determine that at least one additional product of one of thegroups may be displayed on a shelf if the products are rearranged.Additionally or alternatively, system 100 may detect products on one ormore shelves within a shelving unit and determine that by rearrangingthe shelves or the products or both, at least one additional shelf maybe added to the shelving unit.

Vacant spaces on retail stores may be detected by any suitable imageanalysis technique. For example, an image of a shelf, multiple shelves,or a shelving unit may be analyzed to detect vacant spaces betweenproducts depicted in the image. Additionally or alternatively, pressuresensors placed on shelves may be used to detect vacant spaces on ashelf. It is also contemplated that other sensing modalities (e.g.,light sensors or LIDAR systems) may be used to detect vacant spaces. Oneor more dimensions associated with a vacant space may be determinedbased on analysis of one or more images and/or based on input providedby pressure sensors or other types of sensors. For example, in oneembodiment, edges of product packaging may be determined and associatedwith product bodies. Spaces between product bodies may be interpreted asvacant spaces. Widths, depths, and/or heights associated with detectedvacant spaces may be determined, for example, based on a scalinganalysis, which may include, for example, comparing a recognized vacantspace dimension with another dimension of known, such as a knowndimension associated with a particular product package or portion of aproduct package. Such an analysis may be performed based solely onreceived image data or may be based solely on other types of receivedinformation (e.g., outputs or pressure sensitive pads, light sensors,etc.). The dimensional analysis may also be accomplished based on acombination of received information.

Detected vacant spaces may be reduced by rearranging products currentlydisplayed on a shelf, swapping a product type for a different producttype of a different size or shape, by changing the orientation of aproduct on a shelf, by rearranging the shelves within a shelving unit,by any combination of the above, or by any other means. The presentdisclosure provides examples of the products which may be detected andrearranged to reduce or eliminate vacant spaces, however, it should benoted that aspects of the disclosure in their broadest sense, are notlimited to the disclosed products.

Information relating to the detected vacant spaces may be provided tousers. Retail stores may use detected vacant space information tooptimize the layout of the products on shelves throughout the store andto manage tasks, such as stocking or arranging shelves. Suppliers ofproducts may use the information to determine whether a retail store iscomplying with guidelines for displaying products, such as guidelinesprovided in a planogram. Market research entities may use the detectedvacant space information when compiling statistics relating to retailstore efficiency, compliance, aesthetics, or other metrics. Other usersmay have additional uses for the information relating to detected vacantspaces.

According to the present disclosure, the at least one processor may beconfigured to perform a method for processing images captured in aretail store. By way of example, system 100 may perform a method forprocessing images captured in a retail store. It is also contemplatedthat the method, or a portion thereof, may be performed by any componentof system 100 consistent with this disclosure, including, for example,the at least one processor. The method for processing images may includedetermining whether the product is of a first type or a second type. Theat least one processor may determine the type of the product by anymeans consistent with this disclosure. For example, a type of a productmay be determined based on determining whether the price of the productfalls within a price range associated with products of the first type orwithin a price range of products of the second type. Of course, aproduct type may also be determined based on more than two differentprice ranges. In another example, a type of a product may be determinedby detecting identifying characteristics of the product or contextualinformation related to the product.

According to the present disclosure the at least one processor may beconfigured to receive at least one image depicting at least part of atleast one store shelf having a plurality of products displayed thereon.The at least one image received may depict at least part of a shelvingunit with a plurality of store shelves having a plurality of productsdisplayed thereon. It is contemplated that the image may represent ashelf present in a retail store and may be captured by a device locatedwithin the retail store. The at least one image may be received fromcapturing device 125, over network 150, or in any other manner disclosedherein. The at least one image may be received by system 100 or anycomponent thereof configured to receive an image. The image may includeimage data. By way of example, an exemplary image 3020 represented inFIG. 30A or image 3010, represented in FIG. 30B, may be received bysystem 100. As illustrated in FIG. 30A and FIG. 30B, the image receivedmay include, for example, a single shelf with a plurality of products,as represented by image 3020, or a plurality of shelves with a pluralityof products on the shelves, as represented by image 3010. It iscontemplated that the image may contain any portion of a shelf or ashelving unit, and images 3010, 3020 are exemplary only. In someexamples, the received image may include only a single type of products(for example, image 3001), two types of products, three types ofproduct, more than three types of products, and so forth. While thepresent disclosure provides examples of the images captured in a retailstore, it should be noted that aspects of the disclosure in theirbroadest sense, are not limited to the disclosed images.

In some cases, the at least one processor may be configured to receive aplurality of images. Each of the plurality of images may contain arepresentation of an area of a shelf that is distinct from the arearepresented in any other of the plurality of images or each of theplurality of images may contain a representation of an area that is atleast partially depicted in another of the plurality of images. Forexample, system 100 may receive image 3001, image 3002, and image 3003,all of which depict a portion of the shelving unit represented in image3010. In this example, system 100 may process the images 3001, 3002,3003, to determine that they contain the same subject matter and combinethem in a manner that generates image 3010 or, system 100 may processimages 3001, 3002, 3003 separately without first generating image 3010.As another example, system 100 may receive image 3010 in the firstinstance. It is contemplated that the plurality of images need notcontain the same subject matter. For example, system 100 may receiveimage 3020 and image 3010.

The plurality of images may be received from the same device or fromdifferent devices. The plurality of images may also be received by anymeans disclosed herein. For example, referring to FIG. 4C, system 100may receive one or more images from imaging device 125A, 125B, 125C, orany combination thereof.

The plurality of products depicted in an image may include a group offirst products and a group of second products. Further, the group offirst products may be associated with a first product size and the groupof second products may be associated with a second product size, thesecond product size differing from the first product size. It is alsocontemplated that the first group of products and the second group ofproducts may be of a different shape. The products depicted on the shelfmay be any product capable of being displayed on a shelf. By way ofexample, the first group of products may be any product packaged in afirst kind of box, bottle, can, cap, bag, etc., and a second group ofproducts may be any group of products packed in a different kind of box,bottle, can, cap, bag, etc. FIG. 30B represents an example wherein afirst group of products and a second group of products are depicted inimage 3010. In image 3010, the first group of products is represented bythe dark shading and the second group of products are represented by thelight shading. As can be seen in image 3010, the first group of productsis of a first size, and the second group of products is of a secondsize. In image 3010, each product of the first group of products andeach product of the second group of products are roughly of the sameheight, but the products of the first group of products are noticeablywider than the products of the second group of products.

In the FIG. 30A example, the first group of products is represented bydark shading and the second group of products is represented by lightshading. As can be seen in image 3020, it is also possible, for example,that the products of the first group of products may be taller than thesecond group of products. The products of the first group of productsmay be different from those of the second group of products in anymanner, including height, width, depth, shape, or orientation.

In accordance with this disclosure, the at least one processor may beconfigured to analyze the at least one image to detect the plurality ofproducts. The plurality of products may be detected according to anymeans consistent with this disclosure. For example, a product may bedetected by recognition in the image data of a distinctivecharacteristic of the product (e.g., its size, shape, color, brand,etc.) or by contextual information relating to a product (e.g., itslocation on a shelf, etc.). A product may be detected using objectdetection algorithms, using machine learning algorithms trained todetect products using training examples, using artificial neuralnetworks configured to detect products, and so forth. Detecting productsmay include first detecting a background of an image and then detectingitems distinct from the background of the image. By way of example,system 100 may detect products as discussed relative to step 2112 ofFIG. 21.

Consistent with this disclosure, the dimensions of products may also bedetermined. For example, system 100 may detect the first group ofproducts in image 3020 and further determine that the width of eachproduct of the first group of products is W1. The same may be true forthe second group of products. System 100 may determine that each productof the second group of products has a width of W2. For example, a depthimage or other kind of three dimensional images of the products may beanalyzed to determine the dimensions of the products (such as width,height, depth, and so forth) from the three dimensional structure of theproducts depicted in the image. In another example, a two dimensionalimage of the products may be analyzed to determine the dimensions of theproducts (such as width, height, depth, and so forth), for example basedon known dimensions of other objects in the image (such as shelves,labels, other products, and so forth). In yet another example, the imagemay be analyzed to identify the type of a product depicted in the image(as described above), and known dimensions of the product may beretrieved using the identified type of product, for example from amemory, a database, an online catalog, and so forth. In yet anotherexample, data received from sensors positioned on retail shelves (forexample, from detection elements described in relation to FIGS. 8A, 8B,and 9) may be analyzed to determine the dimensions of the products (suchas width, depth, and so forth). The capability to determine dimensionsof products may be used to detect and/or identify products in a firstinstance and for grouping products into appropriate groups. For example,system 100 may detect four objects of width W1 in image 3020 and fiveobjects of width W2 and use this information to determine that the firstfour objects with width W1 are products of a first group of products andthat the five objects with width W2 are products of a second group orproducts. While the width of an object is used as an example here, it isunderstood that any of a width, height, depth, or other dimension may beused to detect a product and to determine to which group it belongs.

The ability to determine the dimension of a product may also be used fordetermining whether another product may be displayed on a shelf orwhether another shelf may be included in a shelving unit. For example,system 100 may determine a width of available vacant space and, if thewidth of vacant space exceeds a width of at least one product from afirst group or a different product from a second group, the processormay determine that the products can be rearranged to accommodate atleast one additional product of either the first or second group ofproducts.

In accordance with this disclosure, the at least one processor may beconfigured to analyze the at least one image to identify that at leastsome of the group of first products are displayed in a nonstandardorientation. A nonstandard orientation may include any orientation thatdoes not conform to a specified planogram or other standard for displayof a product. A nonstandard orientation may also include any orientationof a product that is not shared by products of the same type. Forexample, a supplier of a group of products may specify in a planogramthat each product of that group be displayed in a particularconfiguration. System 100 may detect one or more products and determinewhether those products are displayed in the manner provided in theplanogram. System 100 may make a determination that one or moreindividual products of a group of products is presented in a nonstandardorientation if there is a detected deviation from a specified planogram.Additionally or alternatively, system 100 may determine that an entiregroup of products is displayed in a nonstandard orientation. This mayhappen when, for example, a retail store receives products packed inrectangular boxes and displays them, for example, in a verticalorientation rather than in a horizontal orientation when a planogramrequires display in a horizontal orientation. In this instance, theentire group of products may be determined to be displayed in anonstandard orientation. In another example, one or more images of theproducts may be analyzed to determine that text depicted on at leastsome of the products is in a nonstandard orientation (for example, whenthe text comprises letters depicted in a vertical orientation), andbased on the determination that the text depicted on the at least someof the products is in a nonstandard orientation, determining that the atleast some of the products are displayed in a nonstandard orientation.In some examples, a product may comprise two segments of text indifferent orientations, and the determination regarding the productorientation may be based on an orientation of the text in the firstsegment, while in some cases the orientation of the text in the secondsegment may be ignored. For example, the determination regarding theproduct orientation may be based on an orientation of the text in thesegment comprising larger font size, while in some cases the orientationof the text in the segment comprising the smaller font size may beignored.

As another example, a product may be displayed in a nonstandardorientation if, for example, it has fallen over or is otherwise not inthe same orientation detected for other products of the same group. FIG.30C provides an example of image 3050 depicting this type of nonstandardorientation. By way of example, system 100 may receive image 3050 anddetect the first group of products represented by the dark shade and thesecond group of products represented by the lighter shade. System 100may analyze image 3050 to detect product 3055 and determine that it isdisplayed in a nonstandard orientation. The determination that product3055 is in a nonstandard orientation may include detecting that theheight of product 3055, as displayed, is different from that of eitherthe first or second group of products but detecting that the width ofproduct 3055, as displayed, matches the height of the first group ofproducts, for example, product 3052. Based on the relation of thedimensions of the products (or based on any other criteria, such as textrecognition, product color recognition, detected surface area, etc.),system 100 may determine that product 3055 is of the first type but ispresently displayed in a nonstandard orientation. In another example,system 100 may determine that product 3055 is of the first group ofproducts based on a brand name, logo, or distinctive characteristic ofthe product and further determine that product 3055 is in a nonstandardorientation based on, for example, the orientation of the brand name,logo, or distinctive characteristic.

Detected planogram compliance may also depend upon other productorientation variations. For example, in some cases, the processor mayrecognize that one or more products are rotated by an angle not incompliance with a planogram, for example by analyzing one or more imagesof the one or more products, by analyzing data received from sensorspositioned on retail shelves (for example, from detection elementsdescribed in relation to FIGS. 8A, 8B and 9), and so forth. Suchrotation, for example, may cause a front face of a product label (e.g.,of a canned good item, soda bottle, etc.) to face in a direction otherthan normal to a longitudinal direction of the shelf. In such cases, theproduct labels may be obscured or difficult for a consumer to read.

According to the present disclosure, the at least one processor may beconfigured to identify an area of the retail store displaying productsfrom at least one product type associated with at least one of: aproduct category, a brand of products, and a region of the retail store.An area of a store may include an area of any size. For example, an areaof a store may be a portion of a shelf, a single shelf, a shelving unit,a display, an aisle, a row of shelves, a row of shelving units, severalaisles, a department within a store, an entire store, or any otherportion of a retail store. Rather than defined by size or location, anarea of a store may include an area associated with a product category,a brand of product, or any other factor. For example, an area of a storemay comprise an aggregate area where products from a single supplier aredisplayed. For example, an area of a store may comprise a shelf wheremilk from a particular distributor is displayed, a shelf where cheesefrom the same distributor is displayed, and a shelf where yogurt fromthe same distributor is displayed. In another example, an area of astore may include the area where milk from all distributors isdisplayed. In another example, an area of a store may be where orangesare displayed, where orange juice is displayed, and where canned orangesare displayed. In another example, an area of a store may be any areaselected by a user of a system, such as a manager of a grocery store,who desires to identify vacant space in an area of his or her choosing.Additionally or alternatively, a store map, a planogram, labels onshelves, or other identifiers may be used to determine an area of astore to be analyzed.

In some examples, the area of the retail store may be identified byanalyzing one or more images of the retail store to identify in the oneor more images regions corresponding to the desired area, by analyzing astore map to identify in the one or more images regions corresponding tothe desired area, and so forth. For example, the area may be identifiedbased on the products detected in images depicting a store shelf. Forexample, system 100 may receive images 3010 and 3020 and determine anarea of a retail store associated with each of image 3010 and 3020. Asan example, based on the size and shape of the products in the firstgroup of products depicted in image 3010, system 100 may determine thatthe first group of products are cereal boxes. Based on thisdetermination, system 100 may determine that image 3010 represents anarea of, for example, the breakfast-foods isle of a grocery store. Asimilar determination may be made, for example, if system detects alogo, brand name, or other identifying feature of a product. Contextualinformation identified in an image may also aid in determining an areaof a retail store depicted in a received image. For example, an imagemay receive signage or symbols indicative of an area, such as markingson shelves, products, fixtures, structures, and so forth. System mayaccess database 140, for example, to access data indicating whereproducts of a certain type, category, brand, etc. are located in aretail store and use that information to determine where an arearepresented in an image, for example, image 3020, is located within aretail store. The area identified may be an area of any scope. Forexample, the area may be identified as an aisle within a store, as acertain shelf within an aisle, as a certain shelving unit within anaisle, as a certain shelf within a shelving unit, or any other unit ofmeasure.

When a plurality of images is received, the plurality of images may beused to identify the area of the store where the products are displayed.For example, if system 100 receives image 3002 and image 3003, it maydetermine an area associated with image 3003 by any means disclosedherein and further determine an area of the store associated with image3002 based on the relation between image 3002 and image 3003, whichcontain subject matter that partially overlap. It is also contemplatedthat an area of a store may be identified based on contextualinformation captured in the image. For example, an image received bysystem 100 may include a representation of an aisle indicator (e.g.,“aisle 7”) either in the background of the image or on shelving unitsand other fixtures of the retail store.

The at least one processor may be configured to identify one or morevacant spaces associated with the plurality of products on the at leastone store shelf. A vacant space may be identified by any meansconsistent with this disclosure, including by processing an imagedepicting a retail store shelf, by processing data received from sensorspositioned on retail shelves (for example, from detection elementsdescribed in relation to FIGS. 8A, 8B and 9), or processing datarelating to a retail shelf, the data obtained by any other means. Thevacant spaces may include areas between individual products, areasbetween a first group of products and a second group of products, areaswhere a product or products should be displayed but there is nothingoccupying the area, areas between a product or products and a shelf,area between one or more shelves, or any other space that is notoccupied by an object. A vacant space may include any detected spacesnot occupied by shelving, products, fixtures, or other objects commonlyfound in a retail environment.

The vacant spaces may be associated with a product or a group ofproducts based on proximity to a product or any other metric indicatinga relationship between a product and a vacant space. For example, vacantspace 3027 of image 3020 may be associated with the second group ofproducts or with each of the products in the second group of products orwith any of the products of the second group of products. A vacant spacemay be associated with more than one product or group of products. Forexample, vacant space 3014 of image 3010 may be associated with thefirst group of products or with the second group of products or bothbased on its location being between the first group of products and thesecond group of products.

The identified vacant spaces associated with the plurality of productson the at least one store shelf may include at least one of: verticalspaces between first products and a frame associated with the at leastone store shelf, and vertical spaces between second products and a frameassociated with the at least one store shelf. By way of example, ifimage 3020 depicts one shelf, the vacant space may include a verticalspace between a first product and the top of the shelf (vacant space3025) or a vertical space between a second product and the top of theshelf (vacant space 3027). Of course, it is contemplated that theidentified vacant spaces associated with the plurality of products onthe at least one store shelf may include at least one of: horizontalspaces between adjacent first products, horizontal spaces betweenadjacent second products, a horizontal space between a first and asecond product, a horizontal space between a first product and a frameassociated with the at least one store shelf, and a horizontal spacebetween a second product and a frame associated with the at least onestore shelf. By way of example, a vacant space may include a spacebetween two products of the same type (e.g., vacant spaces 3024, 3026),a space between a product and an edge of a shelf (e.g., vacant space3022), a space between two products of different types, or anycombination thereof.

A vacant space may be identified directly or may be identified byidentifying products and other objects. For example, with reference toFIG. 30A, to determine the total vacant space on the shelf depicted inimage 3020, system 100 may first determine the width 3028 of the shelf,then subtract the width W1 of each of the products in the first group ofproducts and the width W2 of each of the products in the second group ofproducts. In this example, the vacant space would be the total width3028 of the shelf, minus four times the width W1 of the products of thefirst group, and minus five times the width W2 of the products of thesecond group. Additionally or alternatively, vacant spaces may bedetected directly. For example, widths or sizes of vacant spaces 3022,3024, 3026, 3025, 3027 may be identified without first identifying thetotal width 3028 of the shelf or any other products. Directidentification of vacant spaces may be accomplished in substantially thesame manner as detecting products, as described above. It iscontemplated that, for example, individual vacant spaces may be detectedor that the aggregate amount of vacant space may be detected. Forexample, system 100 may analyze image 3020 and detect a first horizontalvacant space 3022, a second vacant space 3024, and a third vacant space3026 or system may analyze image 3020 and detect a total vacant spacecomprising the sum of the first vacant space 3022, the second vacantspace 3024, and the third vacant space 3026.

The detected vacant spaces may constitute horizontally oriented spacesbetween product, vertical spaces between products and shelving, forexample, or may have any other orientation. The vacant spaces may beidentified in any manner disclosed herein. The vacant space may includea detected area between a first shelf and a second shelf, between afirst shelf and another object (e.g., a product on a shelf, a ceiling,another shelving unit, a retail store fixture), between a part of theshelving unit and a second part of the shelving unit (e.g., between ashelf and a support structure of the shelving unit, between a first andsecond shelf), or between any other object associated with the shelvingunit. By way of example, referring to FIG. 30B, if image 3010 representsa single shelving unit, an identified vacant space may be identified asthe space between a product and a shelf of the shelving unit (vacantspaces 3012, 3014, 3016). A vacant space associated with a shelving unitmay be identified directly or indirectly. For example, to identifyvacant space 3016, system 100 may first detect the height H3 of theshelf on which the products sit and then derive vacant space 3016 bysubtracting the height (not shown) of the products of the second groupor system 100 may detect vacant space 3016 without first detectingheight H3. As discussed, a vacant space may also be a space betweencomponents of the shelving unit. For example, if the middle shelf of theshelving unit of image 3010 were empty, the vacant space may be heightH2, which is the distance between the middle and top shelf of theshelving unit.

The at least one processor may identify vacant spaces across a pluralityof shelves in an area of a retail store. Vacant spaces may be identifiedfor an area of a store by, for example, identifying vacant spaces on afirst shelf, identifying vacant spaces on a second shelf, andaggregating the vacant spaces. Additionally or alternatively, vacantspaces may be identified for an area by identifying vacant spaces in aplurality of images representing the area of the store. The vacantspaces, throughout an area or in a subset of the area, may be identifiedby any means disclosed herein. Identifying vacant spaces across an areaof a store may be useful for determining whether areas of a store are incompliance with efficiency goals, planograms, or other metrics or fordetermining areas where products from areas that are overstocked may berelocated. The multi-area vacant space identifications may be based on,for example, images received from multiple different cameras positionedat different locations in a retail store, data received from sensorspositioned on multiple retail shelves (for example, from detectionelements described in relation to FIGS. 8A, 8B and 9), and so forth.

The size of a vacant space may be determined and quantified by anysuitable technique. A vacant space may be characterized by a linearmeasurement (e.g., inches, centimeters, etc.), a unit of area (e.g.,square millimeters, square inches, etc.), or a unit of volume (e.g.,cubic centimeters, cubic inches, etc.). Additionally or alternatively, avacant space may be quantified in relation to its surroundings, forexample, in relation to surrounding products (e.g., the vacant space is⅓ the width of an adjacent product, the vacant space is 2 centimetersshorter than a first product, etc.) in relation to a shelf or shelvingunit (e.g., 4% of the shelf area is vacant space, 1/16 of the shelflength is vacant space, etc.), in pixels, and so forth. A vacant spacemay also be quantified by comparison to a pre-determined metric, such asa requirement set forth in a planogram or selected by a user (e.g., thevacant space is twice as wide as required by a planogram, the vacantspace is half as tall as required by a store standards). A size of avacant space may be determined in isolation or as part of an aggregateof vacant space within a shelf, shelving unit, or area of a store. Forexample, vacant space 3026 may be quantified individually according toany means disclosed herein, or it may be quantified in relation tovacant spaces 3024, 3022. As an example of the latter, vacant space 3026may be quantified as half as wide as vacant space 3022 or as one-fourthof the aggregate vacant space comprised of vacant spaces 3022, 3024, and3026.

As noted, the at least one processor may be configured to identifyvacant spaces based on input from one or more sensors. The one or moresensors may be of the same type or may be comprised of several types ofsensors. A sensor may detect a vacant space directly or indirectly. Forexample, a sensor system may be configured such that the total width ofa shelf is known and the sensor may be configured to detect the presenceof and dimension of products; the vacant space may then be determined bysubtracting the dimensions of the detected products from the knowndimensions of the shelf. Additionally or alternatively, a sensor systemmay be configured to detect the absence of products, thereby directlydetecting a vacant space. The sensor or sensor system may be any devicecapable of detecting the presence or absence of a product. The one ormore sensors may include cameras positioned on shelves of a retailstore. The sensors may also include pressure detectors. The input from apressure detector or pressure detectors may be indicative of pressurelevels detected by the pressure detectors when one or more products areplaced on the at least one store shelf. The pressure sensors may beplaced over a large area of a store shelf or each shelf may contain asingle pressure sensor. Pressure sensors may take any form consistentwith the present disclosure. In embodiments with several pressuresensors, vacant spaces may be identified based on a determination that apressure sensor or a plurality of pressure sensors are detecting nopressure. For example, pressure sensors may be configured to detect thepresence of a product (e.g., by transmitting a signal when a weight isdetected), in which case, any pressure sensor not transmitting a signalwill be associated with a vacant space. In another example, pressuresensors may be configured such that they detect the absence of a product(e.g., by transmitting a signal when no weight is detected), in whichcase, any pressure sensor transmitting a signal will be associated witha vacant space.

Pressure sensors may be integrated within shelves to detect the presenceor absence of a product on the shelf. Additionally or alternatively,pressure sensors may be incorporated into one or more pads configured torest on a surface of a shelf. Products placed on the pad may be detectedby the incorporated sensors. One or more pressure sensors may also beassociated with a rigid or semi-rigid sheet or plate of material thatmay be positioned on top of the one or more sensors, with the productsbeing placed on top of the sheet or plate. This arrangement may beadvantageous in that fewer sensors may be required to detect productsplaced on a shelf. In such cases, a number of products placed on thesheet may be determined via weight measurements associated with thesensor output and known weights of expected products to be placed on thesheets/plates.

As an example, there may be six sensors located under a rectangularplate. Four sensors may be placed at the corners of the plate, one ateach corner, while two may be placed at midpoints of the two long edgesof the rectangular plate, one along each edge. As products are placed onthe plate, the sensors will detect the added weight and determine thatproducts are located on the plate. If the weight of a single product isknown, the total weight may be used to determine the number of productsplaced on the plate at any given moment in time. Further, if thedimensions of a product and of the plate are known, then the total areaoccupied by the products associated with the detected weight may bedetermined. Based on the determination, the vacant space present abovethe plate may be determined by subtracting the area occupied by theproducts from the total area of the plate. Additionally oralternatively, if less weight is detected by one of the sensors underthe plate as compared to the other sensors, then it may be determinedthat vacant space is associated with the area above that sensor.

It is contemplated that pressure sensors may be used in conjunction withimage processing, as disclosed above and throughout the disclosure, todetect vacant spaces. For example, pressure sensors may detect aplurality of products as described above and image processing mayprovide the dimension of the products by detecting products displayed onthe shelf containing the pressure sensors. System 100 may then use thedata from the pressure sensor and the data from the image processor todetermine the vacant space present on the shelf.

The one or more sensors may include light detectors. The input from alight detector may be indicative of light measurements made with respectto one or more products placed on the at least one shelf. The lightdetector may take any form consistent with this disclosure. The lightdetectors may be permanently or semi-permanently affixed to a shelf, ashelving unit, structures adjacent to shelves or shelving units,positioned on, within, and/or under a shelf, or any combination thereof.The light detectors may be configured to detect vacant spaces bydetecting the presence of products on a shelf or by detecting theabsence of products on the shelf or a combination thereof. For example,as described above in relation to FIGS. 8A, 8B and 9, products placed ona shelf may block at least some of the ambient light from reaching lightdetectors positioned on, within, and/or under a shelf. Further, asdescribed above, readings from the light detectors may be analyzed todetermine positions of products on the shelf, orientation of products,dimensions of products (such as width and height), movement of products,vacant spaces on the shelf, and so forth. For example, light detectorspositioned under vacant shelf space may provide readings correspondingto ambient light, while light detectors positioned under objects (suchas products) may provide readings indicating that at least some of theambient light is blocked. The readings from the light detectors may beanalyzed to identify regions where the ambient light reaches the lightdetectors (for example, identify that the readings from the lightdetector are above a selected threshold), and identify these regions asvacant shelf space. The examples herein are exemplary only and it isunderstood that any light detector may be configured to detect vacantspaces directly or indirectly. It is contemplated that light detectorsmay be used alone or in combination with other means for detectingvacant spaces. For example, a light detector may be used in conjunctionwith pressure sensors, image processing units, or both.

In accordance with this disclosure, the at least one processor may beconfigured to measure a metric associated with the identified vacantspaces related to at least one product type across a plurality ofshelves in the retail store. A metric associated with the identifiedvacant spaces may be any metric useful for identifying or comparingvacant spaces, and may be measured according to measuring criteriauseful for identifying or comparing the vacant spaces. As describedabove, a vacant space may be quantified by, for example, a unit ofmeasure, a comparison to other vacant spaces, a portion of a total area,or any other quantifying measurement. It is also contemplated that avacant space may be quantified in relation to a group of products or aproduct type and the vacant space may be quantified by a given area,such as on a shelf-by-shelf basis or across a plurality of shelves.Measuring criteria associated with a product or product type may be anydesired or realized measuring criteria and may be provided by any useror determined by system 100. For example, a supplier of a product mayprovide, in a planogram or otherwise, that for each product of a certaintype there should be a set amount of vacant space between a firstproduct and a second product or between a first product and a storefixture. By way of example, for the product of the first type in image3020, a planogram may provide that the vacant space 3025 between the topof the product and the shelf above must be between, for example, two andfour inches. In another example, the measuring criteria provided for thesecond type of product in image 3020 may dictate that each horizontalvacant space 3022, 3024, 3026 must be substantially the same size as theother horizontal vacant spaces 3022, 3024, 3026 and not more than, forexample, 10% of the total space of any shelf when considered inaggregate. The metric may measure a degree of compliance with suchmeasuring criteria. The examples are not limiting, and the measuringcriteria and metric may be any measuring criteria and metric useful formonitoring a display of products.

A metric may be determined over time by establishing an average vacantspace associated with a product or a desired vacant space associatedwith the product, or by measuring a degree of compliance with a set ofmeasuring criteria as described above. For example, system 100 may, at afirst time, determine the size of vacant space 3024 and vacant space3026 and, at a second time, determine the size of vacant space 3024 andvacant space 3026. By aggregating the size of the vacant spaces 3024,3026 and dividing by the number of identified vacant spaces and/or thenumber of instances when the vacant space was detected and/or theelapsed time at which the vacant space was detected, a metric may bemeasured. For example, if the vacant space 3026 was 1 inch at a firsttime and 0.5 inches at a second time, system 100 may determine that theaverage of 0.75 inches is the metric associated with the productssurrounding vacant space 3026. In another example, if vacant space 3026is 1 inch and vacant space 3024 is 1.5 inches at the same time, system100 may determine that the average space of 1.25 inches should be themetric associated with the second group of products in image 3020. Inanother example, if vacant space 3026 is 1 inch and vacant space 3024 is1.5 inches at a first time, and vacant space 3026 is 0.5 inches andvacant space 3024 is 1.25 inches at a second time, system 100 maydetermine that the average of 1.063 inches should be the metricassociated with the second group of products. In the same example,system 100 may determine the average space at the first time, which is1.25 inches, and the average space at the second time, which is 0.875,and determine that the metric associated with the second group ofproducts is a range from 0.875 inches to 1.25 inches. In anotherexample, system 100 may have a calibration means controlled by a user,such as a manager of a retail store, which instructs system 100 to storethe present vacant space as the metric for group of products.

The measuring criteria and metric may be stored on a client device, on adatabase, or accessed over a network. For example, measuring criteriaprovided to a retail store by a product distributor may be stored onclient device 145 or in database 140 or on another memory device notdatabase 140.

When measuring criteria and/or a metric is quantified by a product type,the at least one product type may be associated with at least one of aproduct category, a brand of products, or a region of the retail store.For example, system 100 may determine a product is of a first or secondtype by any means disclosed herein and may associate a vacant space withproducts of the first or second type based on, for example, the vacantspace's proximity to a product. By way of example, system 100 mayreceived a plurality of images, each depicting a shelf or a portion of ashelf similar to image 3020 of FIG. 30A. As discussed above, system 100may detect vacant spaces 3022, 3024, 3026 by any means disclosed herein.System 100 may also determine that the products with a width W2 are ofthe second type and are associated with the vacant spaces 3022, 3024,3026. System 100 may then access measuring criteria relating to thesecond type of products, the measuring criteria stored, for example, indatabase 140, and may use the accessed measuring criteria to measure themetric.

Consistent with this disclosure, the at least one processor may befurther configured to compare the measured metric with metricsassociated with identified vacant spaces for the at least one producttype in other retail stores. The comparison between a presentlydetermined metric associated with identified vacant spaces and metricsassociated with a product are useful for determining whether a retailstore is in compliance with guidelines for presenting a product, such asguidelines provided by a planogram or those known in the industry, andfor tracking the efficiency of the retail store, for example bydetermining whether the store may rearrange products to make moreefficient use of the space in the retail store. The comparison mayinclude comparing retail stores that deal in a type of product withother retail stores that deal in the same type of product or withcomparing each retail store to an ideal or a minimal metric provided,for example, by a planogram or contractual obligation. The comparisondata may be transmitted, for example, to a store manager, to a supplierof a product, or to a market research entity.

The comparison may be performed in any manner consistent with thisdisclosure. The output of such a comparison may be a quantified amountor a binary determination and may be a comparison of the aggregatevacant space or individual vacant spaces. For example, if a metricassociated with the second group of products is a vacant space of 1.0 to1.25 inches between each product of the second group of products, system100 may determine that the first vacant space 3022 is 1.5 inches wide,the second vacant space 3024 is 1.0 inch wide, and the third vacantspace 3026 is 0.75 inches wide. Based on the detected vacant spaces,system 100 may determine that the average vacant space is 1.08 inchesand, therefore, the retail store is in compliance with the metric.Additionally or alternative, system 100 may determine that the firstvacant space 3022 and the third vacant space are not in compliance withthe metric, while the second vacant space is in compliance with themetric. The output of such determination may be, for example, “2 of 3vacant spaces are not in compliance” or “the average vacant space is incompliance” or “vacant space 3022 is 0.25 inches too wide, vacant space3026 is 0.25 inches too narrow, vacant space 3024 is in compliance” orany other display of the results of the comparison. The results of thecomparison may be transmitted to a client device 145A, 145B, 145C andmay be transmitted to any interested party, including supplier 115,market research entity 110, or user 120.

Consistent with this disclosure, the at least one processor may befurther configured to rank a retail store based on the comparison. As anexample, the metrics associated with a product type may be used todetermine whether a particular retail store is in compliance with themeasuring criteria. The comparison may also allow a supplier or marketresearch entity, for example, to compare a first retail store withanother retail store. By way of example, system 100 may determine vacantspaces associated with a first group of products at a first retail storeand determine vacant spaces associated with the first group of productsat a second retail store. System 100 may then compare the data from thefirst retail store with that of the second retail store and rank thestores based on the amount of vacant space determined at each store.Additionally or alternatively, system 100 may first compare each storeto a metric to determine each store's compliance with the measuringcriteria and then compare each store's compliance with the measuringcriteria. The comparison may be any comparison disclosed herein.

The ranking may be provided as a list, for example, identifying theretail store that is closest to complying with the measuring criteria tothe retail store that is furthest from compliance with the measuringcriteria. Additionally or alternatively, the ranking may comprise dataand representations of each retail store's compliance, displayed, forexample, as a percentage or unit of measure.

Consistent with this disclosure, the at least one processor may beconfigured to determine that by rearranging the group of second productson the at least one store shelf to at least partially eliminate the oneor more identified vacant spaces, at least one additional first productmay be displayed on the at least one store shelf next to the group offirst products. The determination may be based on one or more vacantspaces identified in any manner disclosed above. For example, thedetermination may be based on a determination that an identified vacantspace or an aggregate of a plurality of identified vacant spaces are ofa size equal to or larger than a dimension of a product. In anotherexample, the determination may be based on a determination that anidentified vacant space or an aggregate of a plurality of identifiedvacant spaces, minus the required the vacant spaces (for example,according to a planogram), are of a size equal to or larger than adimension of a product.

It is contemplated that the vacant space may be associated with a firstgroup of products, a second group of products, or a combination thereofand that by rearranging the first group of products, the second group ofproducts, or a combination thereof, (for example, according to requiredvacant spaces, for example by a planogram) at least one additionalproduct of the first group of products, or the second group of products,or a third group of products may be added to a shelving unit. Forexample, the vacant spaces may be associated with a first group ofproducts and by rearranging the first group of products, an additionalproduct of the second group of products may be displayed. Additionallyor alternatively, the vacant spaces may be associated with a first groupof products and by rearranging the first group of products, anadditional product of the first group of products may be displayed.Additionally or alternatively, the vacant spaces may be associated witha first group of products and by rearranging the first group ofproducts, an additional product of a third group of products may bedisplayed. The examples are not limiting and any combination of productsor groups of products of any type may be rearranged to accommodate anadditional product or group or products of any type.

The determination may be based on a size of a first or second productand a size of the identified vacant space. For example, a widthassociated with first products may be narrower than a width associatedwith second products, and the widths may be compared to the width of theidentified vacant space. The vacant space and/or width associated with aproduct may be identified by any suitable technique. For example, thewidth associated with products may be an average width of the products,a maximal width of the products, a minimal width of the products, afunction of any of the above (such as a function adding a constant, afunction multiplying by a constant, etc.), and so forth. In someexamples, a plurality of widths associated with products may beidentified (for example by analyzing images of the products, byanalyzing data received from sensors positioned on retail shelves forexample from detection elements described in relation to FIGS. 8A, 8B,and 9, etc.), and the width associated with the products may becalculated using the distribution of the plurality of widths. Forexample, the width associated with the products may be calculated as afunction of at least one of the mean of the distribution, the median ofthe distribution, the maximum of the distribution, the minimum of thedistribution, the standard deviation of the distribution, the varianceof the distribution, the coefficient of variation of the distribution,the coefficient of dispersion of the distribution, the Fano factor ofthe distribution, and so forth). Consistent with this disclosure, the atleast one processor may be configured to determine that a first productmay be added horizontally to the group of first products based onidentified horizontal spaces between two or more second products. Thedetermination that at least one additional product may be displayed on ashelf may include a determination that a first product may be addedhorizontally to a group of first products based on horizontal spacesidentified between two or more second products being larger than thewidth of a product of the first type, for example, after accounting torequired vacant spaces (for example according to a planogram). Forexample, system 100 may detect a vacant space that is wider than anaverage, median, minimal, or maximal width of a product and determinethat, by rearranging the products to eliminate the vacant space, anadditional product may be displayed on the shelf.

Consistent with this disclosure, the at least one processor may beconfigured to aggregate identified horizontal spaces between two or moresecond products and compare the aggregated spaces to the widthassociated with first products to identify a potential forrearrangement. When an aggregate amount of vacant space is larger than adimension of a product, then a potential for rearrangement may beidentified. The potential for rearrangement may be, for example, adetermination that a first product may be added horizontally to thegroup of first products. For example, in image 3020, system 100 mayaggregate the identified vacant spaces 3022, 3024, 3026 and determinethat the aggregate width is greater than width W1 associated with theproducts of first group of products. Based on this determination, system100 may then determine that by rearranging the second products toeliminate or reduce at least one of vacant spaces 3022, 3024, 3026, anadditional first product may be added to shelf, as is depicted in image3040. Additionally or alternatively, system 100 may determine that theaggregate width of vacant spaces 3022, 3024, 3026 is greater than widthW2 associated with the products of the second group of products. In thiscircumstance, system 100 may determine that by rearranging the secondproducts to eliminate or reduce at least one of vacant spaces 3022,3024, 3026 either an additional product of the first type or anadditional product of the second type may be added to the shelf. It isalso contemplated that the determination may be based on a singleidentified vacant space of sufficient size to accommodate a product. Forexample, system 100 may determine that single vacant space is largerthan width W1 of a product of the first group of products and determinethat by reducing or eliminating that vacant space, an additional productof the first type may be added to a shelf.

The width associated with a product may be known by a system or may bedetermined by a system in any manner consistent with this disclosure.For example, if the product is identified by a logo or the type of theproduct is otherwise determined in any manner disclosed herein, system100 may access database 140 to locate a width associated with that typeof product, or a width of a product may be determined by system 100, forexample by detecting the dimensions of a product in an image of theproduct, by detecting the dimensions of a plurality of products of aselect product type in one or more images of the plurality of productsand calculating a function of the resulting plurality of dimensions(such as average, median, maximum, minimum, etc.), by retrieving thedimensions from a database, etc.

Consistent with this disclosure, the at least one processor may beconfigured to determine that by rearranging the plurality of products,at least one shelf may be added to a shelving unit. The determinationmay be based on horizontal or vertical spaces identified by any mannerdisclosed herein. The determination may be based on a determinationthat, for example, the vertical vacant space identified on a shelvingunit is sufficient to accommodate the height of an additional shelf anda product or group of products placed on the additional shelf. Theheight of a product or group of products may be known or may bedetermined by system 100 by any means disclosed herein.

The determination that an additional shelf may be added to a shelvingunit may be based on a determination that additional products of thetype or types presently displayed on the shelving unit may be displayedif a shelf is added or that a product not presently displayed on theshelving unit may be displayed if a shelf is added. For example, system100 may detect vertical vacant spaces, such as vacant space 3016, anddetermine that while the vacant space is not sufficiently large toaccommodate additional products of the first or second group, it mayaccommodate additional products of a third group, the products of thethird group of products having a height less than that of the productsof the first or second group.

Consistent with this disclosure, the at least one processor may beconfigured to aggregate identified vertical spaces associated with aplurality of store shelves and compare the aggregated space to anaverage height of the products to identify a potential forrearrangement. The product may be one presently located on the shelvingunit or one from a related category or type or products. The height ofthe product may be known, for example, if the product is identified by alogo or the type of the product is otherwise known, system 100 mayaccess database 140 to locate a height associated with that type ofproduct, or a height of a product may be determined by system 100, forexample by detecting the dimensions of a product. The height may be anaverage height, a median height, a minimum height, a maximum height,etc. The determination may be a determination that the aggregated heightof the vacant spaces is larger than the height of the first product.

For example, system 100 may receive image 3010 and detect vacant spaces3012, 3014, 3016, each existing between the top of a row of products andthe bottom of an adjacent shelf. System 100 may then determine that theaggregate height of vacant spaces 3012, 3014, 3016 is more than heightHP of a first product (e.g., a max height) and, based on thatdetermination, determine that an additional shelf containing products ofthe first type may be added to the shelving unit, as depicted in image3030. It is also contemplated that the determination that a shelf may beadded to a shelving unit may be based on a determination that a singlevacant space is large enough to accommodate an additional shelf and anadditional row of products, possibly with a vertical vacant spaceaccording to a requirement from, for example, a planogram or a retailstore guidelines.

Consistent with this disclosure, the at least one processor may beconfigured to identify that at least some products are displayed in anonstandard orientation and determine that by rearranging the group ofsecond products on the at least one store shelf at least one additionalfirst product may be displayed in a standard position. The determinationmay be based on a determination that at least one product is displayedin a nonstandard orientation. As described above, a nonstandardorientation may include any orientation of a product that is notpreferred or desired by a retail store or supplier of a product or anyorientation of a product that does not match that of other products inthe same group of products. By way of example, referring to FIG. 30C,system 100 may receive image 3050 and determine that product 3055 is ina nonstandard orientation based on, for example, a determination thatthe dimensions of product 3055 match that of product 3052 but are in adifferent orientation. System 100 may then detect vacant spaces 3052,3054, 3056 and the space occupied by the product displayed in anonstandard orientation, here space 3058. System 100 may then, forexample, aggregate the vacant spaces 3052, 3054, 3056 and the space 3058occupied by product 3055 to determine whether additional products may bedisplayed on the shelf. Here, the aggregate space is sufficiently wideto accommodate two additional products of the second product type andproduct 3055 in a standard orientation, as depicted in image 3060.

A determination that at least one additional first product may bedisplayed in a standard orientation may be based on a determination ofvacant space that would be created if a product of nonstandardorientation is removed or displayed in a standard orientation. Theadditional product to be displayed may be of the same group or adifferent group than that of the product displayed in nonstandardorientation. For example, system 100 may detect product 3055, whichbelongs to the first group of products, and determine that an additionalproduct of the first group or an additional product of the second group,or a combination thereof, may be displayed on the shelf if product 3055is displayed in a standard orientation and vacant spaces 3052, 3054,3056 are reduced or eliminated. In another example, system 100 maydetermine that a product or a plurality of products of a third group ofproducts may be displayed on a shelf if product 3055 is displayed instandard orientation and vacant spaces 3052, 3054, 3056 are reduced oreliminated.

In accordance with this disclosure, the at least one processor may beconfigured to identify a plurality of possible rearrangements of theplurality of products based on the identified vacant spaces. Theplurality of possible rearrangements may be determined by any meansdisclosed herein. By way of example, system 100 may receive image 3050and detect vacant spaces 3052, 3054, 3056 and the space 3058 occupied byproduct 3055. As discussed above, one of the possible rearrangements isto place product 3055 in a standard orientation and to eliminate vacantspaces 3052, 3054, 3056 to make room for two additional products of thesecond type. In addition, system 100 may determine that it is possibleto reduce or eliminate the vacant spaces 3052, 3054, 3056 in differentways to accommodate additional products. For example, if system 100determines that vacant space 3052, 3054, 3056 when considered inaggregate is larger than, for example, the width W1 of the firstproducts, then one possible rearrangement may be to leave product 3055in a nonstandard orientation and add one addition first product. Inanother example, system 100 may determine that the vacant spaces 3052,3054, 3056 when combined with the space 3058 occupied by product 3055 iswide enough to accommodate three of the second products (e.g., theaggregate space is larger than three times the width W2 of the secondproducts), another possible rearrangement, in this instance, is toremove product 3055 and add three products from the first group ofproducts.

The at least one processor may be configured to identify a plurality ofpossible rearrangements and then choose one possible rearrangement toimplement or configured to report the plurality of possiblerearrangements to a user. For example, system 100 may determine severalpossible rearrangements for a shelf or shelving unit any may transmiteach of the possible rearrangements to, for example, client device 145.A user, such as supplier 115, user 120, or market research entity 145,may then use the transmitted possible rearrangements to determine whichrearrangement to implement.

The at least one processor may be further configured to suggest arecommended or preferred rearrangement from the plurality of possiblerearrangements. The preferred rearrangement may be, for example, therearrangement that leaves the least vacant space on a shelf. Thepreferred rearrangement may also be informed by, for example, aplanogram or other stored data. For example, if a first possiblerearrangement is to display two additional products of a first type anda second possible rearrangement is to display one additional product ofa first type and one additional product of a second type, system 100 mayaccess stored data to determine which possible rearrangement would bepreferred by, for example, supplier 115 or user 120. For example, system100 may access database 140, locate transaction history, and determinethat products of the first type sell better than those of the secondtype. Based on this determination, system 100 may recommend the firstpossible rearrangement as the preferred rearrangement, because itdisplays more of the first product than the second possiblerearrangement. In another example, system 100 may access database 140,locate inventory data, and determine that there are more products of asecond type than of the first type in storage. Based on thisdetermination, system 100 may select the second possible rearrangement,which includes displaying more of the second product type than the firstpossible rearrangement, as the preferred rearrangement. Selection of apreferred rearrangement may be based on any other criteria determined bysystem 100 or provided by external input, for example, from a planogramor store guidelines.

The at least one processor may be configured to access productassortment rules associated with the plurality of products and determinea recommended rearrangement based on the product assortment rules. Whena recommended rearrangement is determined, information may be providedto a user as part of a product-related task assigned to a store employeeand may include details of the recommended rearrangement. Therecommended rearrangement may be provided to a user in isolation oralong with the plurality of other possible rearrangements.

The assortment rules may include any rules or guidelines for displayinga product, group of products, product type, or other category ofproduct. The assortment rules may be provided, for example, by asupplier in a planogram or a contractual agreement with a retail store.Assortment rules may be accessed form a storage device, such as database140, storage on client device 145, or other memory device, or accessedover a network, for example communications network 150. For example, anassortment rule may include a rule limiting the number of vacant spaceson a shelf, defining a percentage of a shelf that may be devoted tovacant space, limiting the number of products on a shelf, limiting thesize of any one vacant space, limiting the aggregate vacant space on ashelf, limiting the vacant space that may be present on a shelving unit,limiting the number of products of a given type that may be displayed ona shelf, or any other rule associated with a product or with a vacantspace. It is also contemplated that there may be a plurality ofassortment rules associated with a product, a product type, or a vacantspace.

For example, system 100 may receive, for example, image 3050 and, asdiscussed above, determine a plurality of possible rearrangements thatmay be implemented on the shelf to reduce the vacant space. System 100may then access, for example, database 140 to locate an assortment ruleassociated with the first group of products or the second group ofproducts or both. For example, an assortment rule provided by supplier115 in a planogram and stored on database 140 may provide that a productof a first group of products may only be displayed in a standardorientation, as defined by the planogram. System 100 may then apply theassortment rule to determine that the shelf depicted in image 3050should be rearranged by orienting product 3055 in a standardorientation. There may be a plurality of possible rearrangements of theshelf depicted in image 3050 after product 3055 is oriented in astandard position. For example, the vacant space may be reduced toaccommodate two of the second products or two of the first products orone of the first products and one of the second products. System 100 mayidentify a second assortment rule to apply. For example, the second rulemay dictate that no more than five products of the first type of productmay be displayed on any one shelf, in which case, system 100 maydetermine that the shelf depicted in image 3050 should be rearrangedsuch that product 3055 is oriented in a standard position and that twoadditional products of the second type of product may be added to theshelf, as depicted in image 3060.

A plurality of assortment rules may apply to a single shelf to eliminatevacant spaces identified on the shelf. System 100 may access a productassortment rule or a plurality of product assortment rules, for example,by accessing rules stored on database 140. System 100 may select anassortment rule to apply to the identified vacant spaces. By way ofexample, an assortment rule may be selected if it corresponds to one ofthe identified plurality of possible rearrangements, to at least oneproduct displayed on the shelf, or to the vacant spaces identified onthe shelf. An assortment rule may be selected, for example, if it wouldeliminate the vacant spaces. If no one assortment rule would fullyeliminate the vacant spaces, system 100 may select additional assortmentrules to apply until the vacant space is eliminated or reduced to thefull extent possible. For example, if after selecting a first assortmentrule to apply, there would be vacant space remaining on a shelf, system100 may select a second assortment rule that is consistent with thefirst assortment rule and will further reduce the vacant space on theshelf. This may be repeated until all of the vacant space is eliminated,until there are no more assortment rules to apply, or until theremaining vacant space is insufficient to allow rearrangement accordingto the remaining assortment rules. System 100 may then recommend arearrangement consistent with the selected assortment rule or assortmentrules.

As disclosed above, vacant spaces may be determined for an area of aretail store. Consistent with this disclosure, the at least oneprocessor may be configured to determine that by rearranging products inan area of a retail store, at least two or more additional products fromat least one product type may be displayed in the area of the retailstore. The determination may be base on a determination that productsmay be rearranged, or that a shelving unit may be rearranged, or thatboth products and shelving units may be rearranged. For example, system100 may receive a plurality of images and detect a plurality of productslocated on a plurality of shelves across a plurality of shelving units.System 100 may then identify vacant spaces associated with each of theproducts, shelves, shelving units, or a combination thereof. The vacantspaces may be identified by the any means disclosed herein. System 100may then determine that, for example, by rearranging a first group ofproducts on a first shelf and rearranging a second group of products ona second shelf, a third group of products may be places on the first andsecond shelves. It is contemplated that the recommended rearrangementmay comprise rearranging any portion of the area of the retail store.The recommended rearrangement may also comprise rearranging any group ofproducts, any shelf, any group of shelves, any shelving unit, or anygroup of shelving units. The recommended rearrangement may also compriserearranging a group of products or a shelf to make room for anadditional product, an additional plurality of products, an additionalshelf, an additional plurality of shelves, or a combination thereof.

The at least one processor may be configured to provide information to auser indicative of the identified vacant spaces. The information may beprovided based on a determination that at least one shelf may be addedto a shelving unit or that at least one additional product may bedisplayed on a shelf. Additionally or alternatively, the information maybe provided based on one or more identified vacant spaces. Theinformation may be provided by any means disclosed herein. For example,information may be provided to a client device 145 and may be providedover communications network 150 via an alert, text-message, email, orother notification, or the information may be displayed as part of GUI500. The information may be provided to any user, including user 120,supplier 115, or market research entity 110. It is contemplated that theinformation provided comprises data relating to the identified vacantspaces (e.g., the size and location of a vacant space), any determinedrearrangement possibility, or any determined rearrangement event. Theinformation provided may be tailored to the needs of the user to whom itis being provided. For example, supplier 115 may intend to use theinformation to monitor compliance with a planogram or other guidelineand system 100 may provide only the information necessary to facilitatethis function. Similarly, market research entity 110 may intend to usethe information to rank retail stores or otherwise determine theefficiency of a retail store or group of retail stores and system 100may provide only the information necessary for this purpose. Marketresearch entity 110 or retail store 105 may use the information tomonitor product sales or turn-over (e.g., correlating vacant space witha product being out-of-stock) and system 100 may provide informationnecessary for this monitoring.

The information may include any data obtained by system 100 relating toan image processed by image processing unit 130, such as arepresentation or description of the received image or any other dataassociated with the received image, a representation or description ofthe products detected in the received image or any other data relatingto the detected products, data relating to the size, shape, orientation,or location of a vacant space or any other information relating to theidentified vacant spaces, data relating to a determination that anadditional product may be displayed if a rearrangement occurs and datarelating to the rearrangement, or any other data obtained or determinedby system 100. As discussed above, the information may include arecommended rearrangement, a plurality of possible rearrangements, atleast one assortment rule, or any combination thereof.

In accordance with the present disclosure, the at least one processormay be configured to generate a product-related task associated with anidentified potential for product rearrangement. A product-related taskmay be any tasks performable by an employee or automated system toachieve a reduction in the vacant space identified by the methodsdisclosed herein. For example, identified vacant space may be associatedwith a misplaced or out-of-stock product and the product-related taskmay comprise returning the misplaced product to the correct display. Inanother example, as discussed above, a product may be determined to bein a nonstandard orientation, in which case the product-related task maycomprise reorienting products to their desired orientation.

In accordance with the present disclosure, the at least one processormay be configured to generate a visualization of a recommendedrearrangement. The visualization may include the image received in, forexample, step 3102 of method 3100. The visualization may contain avisual representation of how a shelf should be arranged. For example,system 100 may generate a visual representation of a desired arrangementof a shelf or a shelving unit, the visualization may be substantiallythe same as image 3030 or image 3040, for example.

Consistent with the present disclosure, the information provided to theuser may be part of a product-related task assigned to a store employeeand may include details of the recommended rearrangement. For example,when product assortment rules associated with a plurality of productsare used to determine a recommended rearrangement, as discussed inrelation to process 32A, the information provided to a user may includea product-related task assigning a store employee the task ofrearranging the plurality of products. The information, in this example,may also include the assortment rule or rules that were used to developthe recommended rearrangement. The product-related task may compriseinstructions on how to rearrange products, how to rearrange shelves, howto rearrange shelving units, or a combination thereof. Theproduct-related task may be communicated as written instructions, adiagram, an image, a series of images, a combination thereof, or anyother means of communicating the task.

In accordance with the present disclosure, the information provided to auser may be part of a product-related task assigned to a store employeeand may include the generated visualization of the recommendedrearrangement. The information provided to a user may contain anycombination of a description and visualization of a product-relatedtask. For example, when a task includes rearranging the shelf depictedin image 3050, system 100 may provide image 3060 to a user. In anotherexample, system 100 may prove a visualization of both the present stateof a shelf, as depicted in image 3050, and the desired arrangement, asdepicted in image 3060. The visualization may additionally includedetailed instructions as to how to arrange the products to achieve thedesired arrangement.

In accordance with the present disclosure, the information provided to auser may include identification of a location of the at least one storeshelf where the potential for product rearrangement exists. For example,the information may contain an indication of an area of a store in whicha potential product rearrangement was detected. The location may includea description of a location, a map depicting a location, directionsleading one to a particular location, or any other information that mayfacilitate navigation of a human or robotic system to the location.

It is contemplated that the location may be provided, possibly alongwith a visualization of a recommended rearrangement. For example, thelocation may be provided along with image 3020 when the shelf depictedin image 3020 is to be rearranged into the configuration depicted inimage 3040.

System 100 may detect vacant spaces and determine a recommendedrearrangement according to any means disclosed herein. For example,vacant spaces may be detected and a rearrangement possibility may bedetermined by a method for processing images captured in a retail store.FIG. 31A provides a flowchart representative of an exemplary method 3100for processing images captured in a retail store to detect vacant spacesand determine that at least one additional product may be displayed on ashelf based on the detected vacant spaces. Similarly, FIG. 31B providesa flowchart representation of an exemplary method 3102 for processingimages captured in a retail store to detect vacant spaces and determinethat at least one additional shelf may be added to a shelving unit basedon the detected vacant spaces. As will be appreciated with from thisdisclosure, method 3100 and method 3102 are exemplary only andmodifications may be made by, for example, adding, combining, removing,and/or rearranging one or more steps of any process consistent with thisdisclosure.

According to the present disclosure the method for processing imagescaptured in a retail store may include receiving at least one imagedepicting at least part of at least one store shelf having a pluralityof products displayed thereon. The image may be received by system 100by any means disclosed herein. The image may depict any portion of ashelf or a plurality of shelves. By way of example, method 3100 mayinclude a step 3110 of receiving an image depicting a part of a shelf,the shelf containing a plurality of products. The plurality of productsmay include a group of first products associated with a first productsize and a group of second products associated with a second productsize, the second product size differing from the first product size. Theplurality of products may additionally or alternatively include a groupof first products of a first type and a group of second products of asecond type.

According to the present disclosure the method for processing imagescaptured in a retail store may include receiving at least one imagedepicting at least part of at least one shelving unit having a pluralityof products displayed thereon. The image may depict any portion of ashelving unit or a plurality of shelving units. By way of example,method 3101 may include a step 3120 for receiving at least one imagedepicting a part of a shelving unit.

Further, in accordance with this disclosure, the method for processingimages captured in a retail store may include receiving a plurality ofimages. The plurality of images may depict a shelf, a shelving unit, aportion of a shelf, a portion of a shelving unit, a plurality ofshelves, a plurality of shelving units, or any combination thereof.

Further, according to the present disclosure the method for processingimages captured in a retail store may include analyzing the at least oneimage to detect the plurality of products. The image may be processed inany manner disclosed herein. For example, method 3100 may include a step3112 for analyzing an image to detect the products depicted in the imageof a portion of a shelf received at step 3110. Similarly, method 3101may include a step 3122 for analyzing an image to detect the productslocated on the portion of a shelving unit depicted in the image receivedat step 3120.

Further, according to the present disclosure the method for processingimages captured in a retail store may include identifying that at leastsome of the group of first products are displayed in a nonstandardorientation. This step may be performed at substantially the same timeas the step for detecting products depicted in the image. This step maybe performed in substantially the same manner as described above withregard to FIG. 30C.

Further, according to the present disclosure the method for processingimages captured in a retail store may include identifying one or morevacant spaces associated with the plurality of products on the at leastone store shelf. By way of example, method 3100 may include step 3114for identifying one or more vacant spaces associated with productsdisplayed on a retail shelf. In any implementation of the method, theidentified vacant spaces may be horizontal, vertical, or a combinationthereof and may be located between a first and second product, between aproduct and an object, or between two objects. For example, the vacantspaces identified in step 3114 may include horizontal vacant spaces3022, 3024, 3026 and may be identified in substantially the same manneras discussed above in relation to FIG. 30A.

Further, according to the present disclosure the method for processingimages captured in a retail store may include identifying one or morevacant spaces associated with a shelving unit. By way of example, method3101 may include step 3124 for identifying one or more vacant spacesassociated with the products displayed on a shelving unit. The vacantspaces may be vertical, horizontal, or a combination thereof. Forexample, the vacant spaces identified in step 3124 may include verticalvacant spaces 3012, 3014, 3016 and may be identified in substantiallythe same manner as discussed above in relation to FIG. 30B.

Further, the method for processing images captured in a retail store mayinclude identifying vacant spaces across a plurality of shelves in anarea of a retail store. By way of example, when a plurality of images isreceived, the analysis of the images may include identifying vacantspaces on each of a plurality of shelved depicted in the plurality ofimages. In another example, when a single image is received, it may beanalyzed to detect vacant spaces on the shelf or shelving unit depictedtherein and the vacant spaces identified may be associated with an areaof a retail store to which the shelf or shelving unit belongs.

Further, according to the present disclosure, the method for processingimages captured in a retail store may include measuring a metricassociated with the identified vacant spaces for at least one producttype across a plurality of shelves in the retail store. The metric maybe according to any measuring criteria disclosed herein, including atotal quantification of the identified vacant space, a comparison of theidentified vacant space to a predetermined or input metric, or any othermeasuring criteria disclosed above. For example, the method forprocessing images captured in a retail store may include comparing themeasured metric with metrics associated with identified vacant spacesfor the at least one product type. As discussed above, the measuringcriteria associated with the identified vacant spaces may be previouslydetermined by system 100, provided by a user or supplier, or otherwisestored in association with the product type or product types associatedwith the vacant space.

Further, the method for processing images captured in a retail store mayinclude aggregating identified horizontal spaces between two or moresecond products and comparing the aggregated spaces to the widthassociated with first products to identify a potential forrearrangement. By way of example, FIG. 32B provides a flowchartrepresentation of an exemplary process 3201 illustrates a method fordetermining that an additional product may be displayed on a shelf.Process 3201 may include step 3212 for identifying vacant spacesassociated with a group of products, such as a second group of products.The vacant spaces may be identified by any means disclosed herein,including those discussed in relation to step 3114. Process 3201 mayinclude step 3214 for aggregating the vacant space associated with thesecond product type. Process 3201 may include step 3216 for comparingthe aggregate space with the width of a product of a first type. Thecomparison may be any comparison disclosed herein, including acomparison of the width associated with a product of the first type withthe total aggregate width of the identified vacant spaces. Process 3201may include step 3218 for determining, based on the comparison of step3216, that a first product may be added to a shelf. The determinationmay be a determination that the aggregated width of the vacant spaces,determined in step 3214, is larger than the width of the first product.Based on the determination, process 3201 may include a step 3220 forrecommending a rearrangement event comprising a recommendation torearrange the second group of products such that an addition firstproduct may be displayed. As an example, the rearrangement event maycomprise assigning a user, based on the identified potential forarrangement, a product-related task for rearranging the group of secondproducts to add an additional first product horizontally to the group offirst products. Process 3201 may be incorporated in method 3100, forexample, as part of step 3114 or part of step 3116, or may be performedin isolation.

Further, the method for processing images captured in a retail store mayinclude aggregating identified vertical spaces associated with aplurality of store shelves and compare the aggregated space to anaverage height of the products to identify a potential forrearrangement. The potential for rearrangement may include a potentialto add an additional shelf to a shelving unit, to add additionalproducts to the shelving unit, or a combination thereof. By way ofexample, process 3203 (FIG. 32C) illustrates an exemplary method fordetermining that an additional shelf may be added to a shelving unit.Process 3203 may contain step 3222 for identifying vertical vacantspaces on a shelving unit. The vacant spaces may be identified by anymeans disclosed herein, including those discussed in relation to step3124 of method 3101. Process 3203 may include step 3224 for aggregatingthe vertical vacant space associated with the shelving unit and step3226 for comparing the aggregate vertical vacant space with the heightof a first product. The height of the first product may be stored insystem 100 or may be detected or determined by any means disclosedherein. The comparison may be performed in substantially the same manneras discussed above. Process 3203 may include step 3228 for determining,based on the comparison of step 3226, that an additional shelf and atleast one product may be added to the shelving unit. Based on thedetermination, process 3203 may include a step 3230 for recommending arearrangement event comprising a recommendation to rearrange theshelving unit such that addition shelves and/or additional products maybe added to the shelving unit. As an example, the rearrangement eventmay comprise assigning a user a product-related task for rearranging theshelving unit to add the at least one shelf. Process 3203 may beincorporated into method 3101, for example, as part of step 3124 or3126, or may be performed in isolation.

Further, the method for processing images captured in a retail store mayinclude determining that by rearranging a group of second products onthe at least one store shelf to at least partially eliminate the one ormore identified vacant spaces, at least one additional first product maybe displayed on the at least one store shelf next to the group of firstproducts. The identified vacant spaces may be associated with the secondgroup of products or the first group or products or a combinationthereof. By way of example, method 3100 may include the step 3116 fordetermining that at least one additional product may be displayed on ashelf if the products identified in step 3112 are rearranged such thatthe vacant spaces identified in step 3114 are reduced or eliminated. Thevacant space to be reduced or eliminated may an individual vacant spaceor an aggregate vacant space, such as that determined in step 3214 ofprocess 3201. The products to be rearranged and the additional productor products to be displayed may be of the same or of different types.The determination may be performed according to any means disclosedherein, including those discussed with relation to FIG. 30A, FIG. 30B,FIG. 30C, or a combination thereof. The determination may also be basedon the outcome of process 3201, or a portion thereof.

Further, the method for processing images captured in a retail store mayinclude determining that by rearranging the plurality of products, atleast one shelf may be added to a shelving unit. By way of example,method 3101 may include step 3126 for determining that at least oneadditional shelf may be added to a shelving unit based on adetermination that the vacant spaces identified at step 3124 may bereduced or eliminated to make room for an additional shelf on theshelving unit depicted in the image received at step 3210. The vacantspace to be eliminated or reduced may be an individual vacant space oran aggregate vacant space, such as that determined in step 3224 ofprocess 3203.

Further, consistent with this disclosure, the method of processingimages captures in retail stores may include identifying a plurality ofpossible rearrangements of the plurality of products based on theidentified vacant spaces. The plurality of possible rearrangements maycomprise rearrangements of products, shelves, shelving units, or acombination thereof. Each of the plurality of possible rearrangementsmay include a rearrangement determined by step 3116 of method 3100, step3126 of method 3101, step 3218 of process 3201, step 3228 of process3203, or any other rearrangement determined by any means disclosedherein.

Further, the method for processing images captured in a retail store mayinclude accessing product assortment rules associated with the pluralityof products and determining a recommended rearrangement based on theproduct assortment rules. By way of example, process 3200 (FIG. 32A)illustrates a method for selecting a plurality of assortment rules torecommend applying to rearrange a plurality of products. Process 3200may include an initial step 3202 of identifying vacant space associatedwith a plurality of products and a plurality of possible rearrangementsof products. The vacant space may be identified by any means disclosedherein, including as discussed with relation to step 3114 of method 3100or step 3124 of method 3101. The plurality of possible rearrangementsmay be determined by any means disclosed herein, including by thedetermination of step 3116 of method 3100, step 3126 of method 3101,step 3218 of process 3201, step 3228 of process 3203, or a combinationthereof. Process 3200 may include a step 3204 for accessing a productassortment rule or a plurality of product assortment rules, for example,by accessing rules stored on database 140. The assortment rules maycomprise any parameter or guideline for arranging products or shelvedwithin a retail store. Process 3200 may include a step 3206 forselecting an assortment rule to apply to the identified vacant spaces.By way of example, an assortment rule may be selected if it correspondsto one of the plurality of possible rearrangements or the identifiedproducts. The assortment rule may be selected based on any criteria,such as selecting the rule that reduces the vacant space to the greatestextent, selecting the rule that allows for the most products to bedisplayed, selecting a rule given priority by a user, or any other rulecriteria. Process 3200 may include step 3208, which ask whether anyvacant space would remain on the shelf or shelving unit if theassortment rule selected in step 3206 is applied. If vacant space wouldnot remain after applying the assortment rule selected at step 3206(“NO” at step 3208), then process 3200 proceeds to step 3210 forrecommending to a user a rearrangement event in accordance with theselected assortment rule. If vacant space would remain after applyingthe assortment rule selected at step 3206 (“YES” at step 3208), thenprocess 3200 proceeds by reverting to 3202 to identify a plurality ofpossible rearrangements based on the vacant space remaining after theassortment rule selected at 3206 is applied. Process 3200 may thenrepeat steps 3202 through 3208 until there is no vacant space remaining,until there are no assortment rules remaining, or until there the vacantspace remaining is insufficient to allow application of additionalassortment rules. At the end of process 3200, a recommendation is sentto a user, at step 3210, the recommendation comprising a rearrangementevent recommending rearranging the plurality of products, shelves, or acombination thereof in accordance with the assortment rule or assortmentrules selected at step 3206. It is, of course, possible to perform thesteps of process 3200 in any order or in combination with any otherprocess or method disclosed herein. The step of accessing assortmentrules to determine a recommended rearrangement may be incorporated intoother methods for determining possible rearrangements or may beperformed in isolation.

Further, the method for processing images captured in a retail store mayinclude generating a product-related task associated with an identifiedpotential for product rearrangement. Further, the method for processingimages captured in a retail store may include generating a visualizationof a recommended rearrangement. For example, the product-related taskmay comprise a description of a preferred rearrangement of the productsor shelves and a positioning of the additional products or shelves thatmay be added after the rearrangement. The visualization of a recommendedrearrangement may include any diagram, map, description, schematic orother visual representation of a rearrangement. When multiple possiblerearrangements are determined, the product-related task and visualrepresentation of rearrangements may include a task and a representationof each possible rearrangement. The tasks or visualizations or both maybe transmitted to a user by any means disclosed herein.

Further, the method for processing images captured in a retail store mayinclude providing information to a user indicative of the identifiedvacant spaces. By way of example, method 3100 may include step 3118 forproviding information relating to the method to a user. Similarly,method 3101 may include step 3128 for providing information relating tothe method to a user. The information may include any data obtainedduring steps 3110 or 3120, such as a representation or description ofthe received image or any other data associated with the received image.The information may also include any data obtained during step 3112 or3122, such as a representation or description of the products detectedin the received image or any other data relating to the products. Theinformation may also include data obtained during step 3114 or 3124,including data relating to the size, shape, orientation, or location ofa vacant space or any other information relating to the identifiedvacant spaces, including an aggregate value of the vacant space asdetermined in step 3214 of process 3201 or step 3224 of process 3203.The information may also include any data relating to step 3116 or 3126,including any data relating to a determination that an additionalproduct or shelf may be displayed if a rearrangement occurs and datarelating to the rearrangement. As discussed above, other processes, suchas process 3200, process 3201, or process 3203 may be included in method3100 or method 3101, in which case, any data relating to processes 3200,3201, 3203 may also be included in the information. The information mayalso include any product-related tasks or visualizations of recommendedrearrangements generated during any of method 3100, method 3101, process3200, process 3201, or process 3203.

Consistent with the present disclosure, a computer program product forprocessing images captured in retail stores embodied in a non-transitorycomputer-readable medium and executable by at least one processor isdisclosed. The computer program product may include instructions forcausing the at least one processor to execute a method consistent withthe above disclosure. For example, the computer program product may beconfigured to perform all or a portion of method 3100, method 3101,process 3200, process 3201, process 3203, or a combination thereof.

The present disclosure provides systems and methods for automaticprioritization of shelf-oriented tasks based on processor-based imageanalysis of images captured by one or more cameras or image capturedevices. More specifically, the present disclosure relates to systems,methods, and computer product programs for processing images captured ina retail store and automatically addressing detected conditions withinthe retail store. The systems, methods, and computer product programsfor processing images captured in a retail store and automaticallyaddressing detected conditions within the retail store may beimplemented in system 100 for analyzing information collected fromretail stores 105 discussed above. Additionally, the systems, methods,and computer product programs for processing images captured in a retailstore and automatically addressing detected conditions within the retailstore may utilize image processing unit 130, server 135, database 140,network 150, and processing device 202, as described above.

FIG. 33 illustrates an exemplary system 3300 for processing imagescaptured in a retail store and automatically addressing detectedconditions within the retail store. System 3300 may include an imagingprocessing unit 130 (illustrated in FIG. 1) to execute the analysis ofimages captured by the one or more capturing devices (e.g. capturingdevices 125). Image processing unit 130 may include a server 135operatively connected to a database 140.

In some embodiments, processing device 202 included in server 135 (asdescribed above with relation to FIG. 2) may be configured to execute aplurality of steps 3308, as will be discussed in further detail below.

In accordance with the present disclosure, a system for processingimages captured in a retail store and automatically addressing detectedconditions within the retail store is disclosed. The system may includeat least one processor configured to receive a plurality of imagescaptured from one or more retail stores. In some examples, the pluralityof images may depict a plurality of products displayed on a plurality ofstore shelves. The system may process images captured in one or moreretail stores and automatically address detected conditions within theone or more retail stores (e.g. retail stores 105A, 105B, 105C). Theplurality of images may be captured by a user (e.g. user 120) and/or bya capturing device (e.g. capturing device 125). Processing device 202may be configured to execute steps 3308 including step 3310 where server135 receives a plurality of images 3312 captured from one or more retailstores. Images 3312 may depict a plurality of products displays on aplurality of store shelves.

In accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure, the at leastone processor may be configured to detect in the plurality of images anindicator of a first service-improvement condition (for example, a firstservice-improvement condition relating to the plurality of products) anddetect in the plurality of images an indicator of a secondservice-improvement condition (for example, a second service-improvementcondition relating to the plurality of products). In some embodiments,the types of outputs that image processing unit 130 can generate mayinclude indicators of service-improvement conditions (e.g., a cleaningevent, a restocking event, a rearrangement event, an occlusion event,etc.), various reports indicative of the performances of retail stores105, and so forth. A service-improvement condition may include anycondition or state of an environment (e.g., a retail store environment)in which at least one aspect of the environment differs from a desiredor specified state of the environment. According to embodiments of thisdisclosure, the first service-improvement condition and the secondservice-improvement condition each may include at least one of: a needfor cleaning, a need for product restocking, a need for productrearrangement, a need for product re-orienting, a need for productrecall, a need for labeling, a need for updated pricing, apromotion-related need, an identified misplaced product, and anocclusion event. In some examples, service improvement conditions may bedetected by analyzing one or more images depicting the serviceimprovement conditions and/or by analyzing readings from detectionelements attached to store shelves as described above. In some examples,image data and/or readings from the detection elements may be analyzedto detect the service improvement conditions, for example using machinelearning models trained using training examples to detect serviceimprovement conditions, using an artificial neural network configured todetect service improvement conditions, and so forth. For example, acleaning event may be detected when a spill, break, etc. appears in theplurality of images. In another example, a restocking event may bedetected when a part of a shelf is determined to be empty, when anamount of products on a part of a shelf is determined to be below athreshold associated with the part of the shelf and/or with the producttype of the products (for example, according to a planogram), and soforth. In yet another example, a rearrangement event may be detectedwhen an item or items are out of planogram compliance, when products areout of or near out of shelf, when facings of a product are below adesired requirement (for example, according to a planogram), amongothers. In another example, a need for product re-orienting may bedetected when products are detected to be in an undesired orientation,as described above. In yet another example, a need for labeling may bedetected when a label is missing, when a label is inaccurate, whenpricing is inaccurate, when intended promotions are absent, and soforth. In another example, a need for product recall may be detectedwhen products of a specific product type are identified in the retailstore, when there is an indication that the specific product type shouldnot be in the retail store (for example, according to the retail store'smaster file, according to a recall indication received from a supplier,and so forth). In yet another example, a need for updated pricing may bedetected when a price associated with a product as identified in theimage data (for example, by determining price information on a labelassociated with the product as described above) differs from a priceassociated with the product in a pricing database. In another example, apromotion-related need may be detected, for example, when a promotionthat is not supposed to be in the store (for example, according topromotions database) is identified in the image data (for example, as alabel depicting information associated with the promotion, a stand, adiscount, and so forth), when a promotion that is supposed to be in thestore (for example, according to promotions database) is not identifiedin the image data, when details of a promotion identified in the retailstore differs from the details of the promotion according to apromotions database, and so forth. In yet another example, a misplacedproduct and/or an occlusion event may be detected as described above. Insome embodiments, indications of service improvement conditions may bereceived from other systems. For example, an indication of a need forproduct recall may be received from a retail chain system, in responseto an update to the retail store's master file, and so forth. In anotherexample, an indication of a need for updated pricing may be received inresponse to a change of price in a pricing database. In yet anotherexample, an indication of a promotion-related need may be received inresponse to a change in promotion policy of a retail store, a retailchain, a supplier, etc., for example as recorded in a promotionsdatabase. In another example, an indication of a service improvementcondition may be received from users, such as store employees,customers, and so forth. Processing device 202 may be configured toexecute step 3314 to detect an indicator of a first service-improvementcondition and execute step 3316 to detect an indicator of a secondservice-improvement condition, for example to execute step 3314 todetect an indicator of a first service-improvement condition relating toa plurality of products and execute step 3316 to detect an indicator ofa second service-improvement condition relating to the plurality ofproducts. The first service-improvement condition and the secondservice-improvement condition may be service improvement conditions ofdifferent types or service-improvement condition of the same type. In anon-limiting example, the first service-improvement condition may be acleaning event while the second service-improvement condition may be arestocking event. In another non-limiting example, the first and secondservice-improvement events may be occlusion events.

The at least one processor may detect an indicator of aservice-improvement condition using various techniques. In one example,the at least one processor may analyze images captured by cameras (e.g.,capturing devices 125) to detect at least one indicator of aservice-improvement condition. Captured images may be analyzed todetermine product placement characteristics (e.g., rotationalorientation about one or more axes, product facing orientation, productpacking density, product similarity to surrounding products, etc.) inorder to detect whether a product is placed on a shelf properly or asintended, whether a product complies with a specified planogram, whetherundesirable or unintended empty space exists in a product area (e.g.,suggesting a need for restocking), whether a product is misplaced andneeds to be repositioned among like products, etc. Captured images mayalso be analyzed to determine the presence of spills, broken containers,soiled floors, soiled products or product areas, etc.

Such conditions may be recognized based on predetermined algorithms formonitoring characteristics of products captured in an image or formonitoring a physical status of shelves, floors, ceilings, or otherphysical infrastructure in an environment. In one example, edges ofproducts, such as a certain type of canned good item, may be detectedthrough image analysis (e.g., using pixel comparison techniques, etc.).Bounding boxes may be defined relative to areas of a captured imagedetermined to represent each canned good product. Minor and major axesmay be assigned, and an orientation of the canned good item (e.g.,whether the item is standing upright or resting on its side) may bedetermined. Spacing between the detected products may be determined. OCRtechniques or text-identification techniques may be employed relative tocaptured images to identify labels of products and to determine arotational orientation of the products based on detected, exposed text.Unexpected color variation detected on a floor of an environment (e.g.,through pixel comparison techniques) may indicate the presence of aspill. Multiple other algorithms may be employed for detectingindicators of service-improvement conditions expected in a particulartype of environment, such as a retail environment.

Additionally or alternatively, trained machine learning systems may alsobe employed to identify indicators of service-improvement conditions.For example, a machine learning model may be trained based on trainingimages of various conditions. Training the system, for example, usingreward functions and predetermined conditions represented in a series ofimages, may enable the system to “learn” about those conditions andcorrectly identify such conditions in practice, even where anencountered condition does not exactly match or resemble a condition onwhich the system was trained.

In accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure, the at leastone processor may be configured to determine a first product-relatedtask for addressing the first service-improvement condition anddetermine a second product-related task for addressing the secondservice-improvement condition. In some embodiments, the product relatedtasks may be associated with the detected service-improvementconditions. For example, a cleaning task may be generated in response toa detected condition indicative of a need for cleaning; a restockingtask may be generated in response to a detected condition indicatingthat one or more products needs restocking; a rearrangement task may begenerated in response to a detected condition indicating that one ormore products are misplaced, misarranged, or otherwise out of compliancewith a predetermined planogram, etc.; and an occlusion removal task maybe generated in response to a detected occlusion event where one or moreproducts is blocked from view of a customer or a camera, etc. Additionalnon-limiting examples of product-related tasks may include cleaning,restocking shelves, restocking displays, rearranging shelves or displaysaccording to planograms, returning misplaced product to the correctshelf or display, re-orienting products to have a desired orientation,removing products from the store (e.g. expired products, products thatare no longer sold in the store, in response to a product recall, etc.),labeling, relabeling, or removing labels of products, shelves, ordisplays, pricing or re-pricing of products, positioning orre-positioning, removing displays, shelf units, or promotion signs,removing occlusions that prevent stationary cameras from monitoringproducts, shelves, or displays, removing occlusions that preventcustomers from seeing and/or accessing products, shelves, or displays,removing occlusions that prevent robots from traveling within the store,assisting customers, manning positions such as a checkout station, apromotional display, etc., ordering supply (e.g. for out of stock ornear out of stock products), among others.

Processing device 202 may be configured to execute step 3318 todetermine a first product related task for addressing the firstservice-improvement condition and step 3320 to determine a secondproduct related task for addressing the second service-improvementcondition. As discussed above, the first service-improvement conditionand the second service-improvement condition may be service improvementconditions of different types or service-improvement condition of thesame type. Accordingly, the first product related task and the secondproduct related task may be different product related tasks or the sameproduct related task. In a non-limiting example, the firstservice-improvement condition may be a cleaning event, and the firstproduct related task may be a cleaning task while the secondservice-improvement condition may be a restocking event, and the secondproduct related task may be a restocking task.

In accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure, the at leastone processor may be configured to access a database storing informationindicative of a first employee and a second employee on duty during atime interval over which the plurality of images was received.Processing device 202 may be configured to execute step 3322 to access adatabase 3324 that stores employee information, which in some examplesmay include employee schedules and/or real-time updates of on-dutyemployees. Database 3324 may include time data associated with employeeswho are on-duty, and processing device 202 may use this time data todetermine that at least a first employee 3328 and a second employee 3330are on duty during the time interval over which the plurality of imageswas received and/or at another desired time point and/or at anotherdesired time interval. First employee 3328 may have employee data 3332and second employee 3330 may have employee data 3334, the employee data3332 and 3334 may be shared with and stored in database 3324.

In accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure, the at leastone processor may be configured to assign the first product-related taskto the first employee and assign the second product-related task to thesecond employee. Processing device 202 may be configured to execute step3326 to assign a first product related task to first employee 3328 andthe second product related task to second employee 3330. Although firstemployee 3328 is illustrated as a human and second employee 3330 isillustrated as a robot, first employee 3328 and second employee 3330 mayeach be human or robot. Accordingly, both first employee 3328 and secondemployee 3330 may be robot concurrently or human concurrently.

In accordance with the present disclosure, when the firstservice-improvement condition and the second service-improvementcondition include identified misplaced products, the at least oneprocessor may be configured to assign the first product-related task tothe first employee and the second product-related task to the secondemployee based on product categories associated with the identifiedmisplaced products. Accordingly, product categories may be identified byanalyzing the images, by the location of the shelf, using a planogram,applying a product model, etc. as described above. Processing device 202may be configured to execute steps 3318 and 3320 to determine the firstand second product related tasks, respectively. Processing device 202may also be configured to execute step 3326 to assign the first productrelated task to first employee 3328 and the second product-related taskto second employee 3330 based on the product categories identified withrelation to the identified misplaced products. For example, some productcategories may require a human employee, a robotic employee, a strongeremployee, a smaller employee, etc. In some examples, first employee 3328may have an expertise in a first product category, while second employee3330 may not have expertise in the first product category or may have alesser level of expertise in the first product category. Further, thefirst service-improvement condition may be connected to products of thefirst product category, while the second service-improvement conditionmay not be connected to products of the first product category or mayhave a lesser degree of connection to products of the first productcategory. In response, the first product-related task may be assigned tothe first employee while the second product-related task may be assignedto the second employee. Some examples of service-improvement conditionsconnected to products of a first product category may include misplacedproduct of a first product category, misplaced product placed on a shelfassociated with the first product category, restocking and/orrearrangement of products and/or shelf associated with the first productcategory, modifying or removing or placing labels associated with thefirst product category, changing price of products of a first productcategory, and so forth. The expertise of an employee in a first productcategory may be determined by accessing employee data (such as skillsrecorded in employee data 3332 and 3334), analyzing past performances ofthe employee in past tasks related to the first product category (forexample, performances recorded in employee data 3332 and 3334),analyzing past image data to determine the past performances of theemployee in past tasks related to the first product category, and soforth. In some examples, first employee 3328 may have higher physicalabilities compared to second employee 3330, for example as recorded inemployee data 3332 and 3334. Further, the first service-improvementcondition may be connected to products of the first product categoryassociated with heavier weight than a second product category, and thesecond service-improvement condition may be connected to products of thesecond product category. In response, the first product-related task maybe assigned to the first employee while the second product-related taskmay be assigned to the second employee.

In accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure, when the firstservice-improvement condition and the second service-improvementcondition are occlusion events, the at least one processor may beconfigured to assign the first product-related task to the firstemployee and the second product-related task to the second employeebased on occlusion categories associated with the occlusion events.Processing device 202 may be configured to execute steps 3318 and 3320to determine the first and second product related tasks are respectiveocclusion events. Processing device 202 may be configured to executestep 3326 to assign the first product related task to first employee3328 and the second product-related task to second employee 3330 basedon the occlusion categories assigned to the occlusion events. Forexample, some occlusion categories may require a human employee, arobotic employee, a stronger employee, a smaller employee, etc. In someexamples, first employee 3328 may have higher physical abilitiescompared to second employee 3330, for example as recorded in employeedata 3332 and 3334. Further, the first service-improvement condition maybe connected to occlusion event of the first occlusions categoryassociated with heavier weight than a second occlusions category, andthe second service-improvement condition may be connected to occlusionevent of the second occlusions category. In response, the firstproduct-related task may be assigned to the first employee while thesecond product-related task may be assigned to the second employee.

In accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure, when thefirst service-improvement condition is a need for cleaning, and thesecond service-improvement condition is a need for productrearrangement, the at least one processor may be configured to assignthe first product-related task to a robot employee and assign the secondproduct-related task to a human employee. Processing device 202 may beconfigured to execute steps 3314 and 3316 to determine the firstservice-improvement condition is a need for cleaning and secondservice-improvement condition is a need for product rearrangement.Processing device 202 may be configured to execute step 3326 to assignthe first product related task to a robot employee and the secondproduct-related task to a human employee. In some cases, suchassignments may be based on the perceived capabilities of individualsavailable to assist. For example, a robot unit may be more efficient atremoving a spill than, for example, rearranging a group of productsaccording to a planogram—a task that may require more dexterity andproblem-solving skills than may be available from certain robotic units.

According to embodiments of this disclosure, when the first employee isa robot employee, the at least one processor may be further configuredto determine that the first service-improvement condition can beresolved by the robot employee, before assigning the firstproduct-related task to the first employee. Accordingly, processingdevice 202 may access the capabilities (e.g. performance, skills) fromthe employee information 3334 via database 3324 to ensure the robotemployee is capable of resolving the first service-improvement conditionby completing the first product-related task. Such an approach mayincrease efficiency and maximize robot resources by first checking todetermine if a robot unit is available that can complete a required taskbefore assigning the task to a human employee. In accordance with thepresent disclosure, the at least one processor may be further configuredto obtain data indicative of a current physical condition of the robotemployee for determining that the first service-improvement conditioncan be resolved by the robot employee. Accordingly, processing device202 may access the physical conditions (e.g. battery charge, remainingsupplies, level of remaining cleaning liquid, dexterity capability,mobility range, etc.) from the employee information 3334 via database3324 to ensure the robot employee is capable of resolving the firstservice-improvement condition by completing the first product-relatedtask.

According to embodiments of this disclosure, the at least one processormay be further configured to receive location data indicative of currentlocations of the first employee and the second employee within theretail store, and assign the first product-related task to the firstemployee and the second product-related task to the second employeebased on the received location data and identified locations of thefirst service-improvement condition and the second service-improvementcondition. Accordingly, processing device 202 may access the locationdata from the employee information 3332, 3334 via database 3324 at step3322 to execute step 3326 to assign the first product-related task tothe first employee and the second product-related task to the secondemployee based on the received location data and identified locations ofthe first service-improvement condition and the secondservice-improvement condition. For example, based on a captured imageindicating a service-improvement condition, the at least one processormay determine a location in an environment of the service-improvementcondition (e.g., based on a known location of a camera that capture theimage).

The processor may determine locations of store employees or assets, forexample, based on captured image data from one or more image capturedevices, based on tracked RFID tags, based on images from overheadcameras, based on GPS tracking applications, based on a database lookup,or based on any other suitable techniques for monitoring employeelocation within an environment. The processor may use the locationinformation in assigning product-related tasks. For example, theprocessor may determine locations of the various available employeesrelative to the determined locations of the detected service-improvementconditions. Based on these determinations, the processor may scheduleproduct related tasks among the available employees to reduce oreliminate inefficiencies in addressing the product related tasks. Forexample, the processor may determine that a first employee is closer toa first service-improvement condition than to a secondservice-improvement condition. As a result, the first employee may beassigned a product related task associated with the firstservice-improvement condition. The processor may also determine that asecond employee is closer to the second service-improvement conditionthan to the first service improvement condition. In response, theprocessor may assign a product related task associated with the secondservice-improvement condition to the second employee. In some cases, theprocessor may determine that the first employee is closer than a secondemployee to a first detected service-improvement condition. As a result,the first employee, rather than the second employee, may be assigned aproduct related task to address the first service-improvement condition.Various other location based metrics may also be used in schedulingproduct-related tasks relative to available employees or robotic assets.

In accordance with the present disclosure, the at least one processormay be further configured to access pending assignment data indicativeof product-related tasks assigned to the first employee and the secondemployee, and assign the first product-related task to the firstemployee and the second product-related task to the second employeebased on at least one pending product-related task previously assignedto the first employee and at least one pending product-related taskpreviously assigned to the second employee. Accordingly, processingdevice 202 may access the pending assignments data from the employeeinformation 3332, 3334 via database 3324 at step 3322 to execute step3326 to assign the first product-related task to the first employee andthe second product-related task to the second employee. The assignmentsmay be based on employee availability indicators, such that each productrelated task is assigned to the next available employee from a list ofavailable employees. As an additional layer, employee proximity to thelocation of a service-improvement may also be taken in account, asdescribed above. If there are not enough available employees to addressall service-improvement conditions, the product related tasks may bescheduled based on the types of pending product related tasks assignedto an employee and/or based on the status of pending product relatedtasks assigned to an employee. For example, the processor may access adatabase to determine that a first employee has been assigned aproduct-related task having a shorter expected completion time than aproduct-related task assigned to a second employee. Based on thatinformation, the processor may determine when each of the first andsecond employees is expected to become available (e.g., by accessing adatabase indicating when the employees were assigned the respectiveproduct-related tasks, when the employees arrived on site to theservice-related conditions associated with the pending tasks, theexpected completion times of the pending tasks, current status updateinformation input by the employees during completion of the pendingproduct-related tasks, etc.). The at least one processor may then assignnew product-related tasks to employees based on an estimate of whenthose employees will become available after completion of their pendingproduct-related tasks.

The processor may also pull one or more employees from their currentlyassigned product-related tasks and re-assign those employees to newproduct-related tasks. The new assignments, for example, may be madebased on a determination that a new product-related task has a higherpriority than a product-related task being addressed by an employee. Inone example, an employee may be working on restocking canned goods on acertain shelf in response to a service-improvement condition indicatingthat the shelf contained fewer than a planogram-specified minimum numberof products or minimum product density, etc. While the employee isrestocking the shelf another service-improvement condition may bedetected. The new service-improvement condition may involve a glass jarof pasta sauce that has fallen from the shelf and broken within anaisle. The processor may determine (e.g., based on a predetermined,stored hierarchy of expected service-improvement conditions) thatrequired clean-up of the broken pasta jar is more important to completethan restocking of canned goods on a shelf. As a result, the processormay issue an instruction for the employee working on the restocking taskto suspend that task and go to the aisle to complete the new task ofcleaning up the broken jar of pasta sauce. Upon completion of the newclean-up task, the employee may be reassigned to complete the task ofrestocking the shelf.

An assignment list for each employee may be updated based on newlyreceived service-improvement condition information. For example, asoutlined in the example above, an employee may be pulled from an ongoingproduct-related task in order to address a higher priority task.Additionally, a list of pending product-related task assignments for anemployee may be automatically ordered according to priority levelsassociated with the respective service improvement conditions. Thus, asnew service-improvement conditions are detected, the correspondingproduct-related tasks need not be simply appended to the end of a tasklist for an employee (assuming no other employees are available or ableto take on the new task). Rather, each new product-related task may beinserted into a pending assignment list for an employee based on itspriority. As a result, an employee may address the highest prioritytasks first before moving on to lower priority tasks.

In accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure, the at leastone processor may be further configured to access employment dataindicative of skill sets associated with each of the first and secondemployees, and assign the first product-related task to the firstemployee and the second product-related task to the second employeebased on the skill sets of the first employee and the second employeeand a type of the first service-improvement condition and a type of thesecond service-improvement condition. For example, processing device 202may access skill sets data from the employee information 3332, 3334 viadatabase 3324 at step 3322 to execute step 3326 to assign the firstproduct-related task to the first employee and the secondproduct-related task to the second employee based on the skill sets ofthe first employee the second employee, and based on the type of firstservice-improvement condition and the type of the secondservice-improvement condition. In a non-limiting example, processingdevice 202 may be configured to execute steps 3314 and 3316 to determinethe first service-improvement condition is a need for cleaning andsecond service-improvement condition is a need for productrearrangement. Processing device 202 may be configured to execute step3326 to assign the first product related task to a robot employee andthe second product-related task to a human employee based on the skillsets of the respective employees.

According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the at least oneprocessor may be further configured to access employment ranking dataassociated with past performances of the first employee and the secondemployee and assign the first product-related task to the first employeeand the second product-related task to the second employee based on theemployment ranking data. For example, processing device 202 may accessthe performance data from the employee information 3332, 3334 viadatabase 3324 and determine an employment ranking based on theperformance data at step 3322 to execute step 3326 to assign the firstproduct-related task to the first employee and the secondproduct-related task to the second employee based on the employmentranking data acquired from the performance data of the first employeethe second employee.

According to some embodiments of this disclosure, the at least oneprocessor may be further configured to determine prioritization of thefirst product-related task and the second product-related task based onurgency of the first service-improvement condition and the secondservice-improvement condition, and assign the first product-related taskto the first employee and the second product-related task to the secondemployee based on the determined prioritization of the firstproduct-related task and the second product-related task. Processingdevice 202 may analyze the urgency of the first service-improvementcondition and the second service-improvement condition before assigningthe first product related task and second product related task at step3326. In a non-limiting example, the processing device 202 may determinethe first service-improvement condition is more urgent than the secondservice-improvement condition and may access the location data from theemployee information 3332, 3334 via database 3324 and determine theemployee that is closest in proximity to the first service-improvementcondition to expedite the resolution of the first product-related task.In another non-limiting example, the processing device 202 may alsoprioritize the service-improvement conditions based on importance of theat least two service-improvement events. In such a case, a need forcleaning near a high traffic area of the store (e.g. the cashier) may bemore important than a need for cleaning in a lower-traffic area of thestore (e.g. near the bathroom).

In accordance with embodiments of this disclosure, the at least oneprocessor may be further configured to, after assigning the firstproduct-related task to the first employee first, analyze the pluralityof images to determine that there is a need for a third product-relatedtask to resolve a third service-improvement condition. Based on theplurality of images, the at least one processor may be configured todetermine that the third service-improvement condition is more urgentthan the first service-improvement condition and assign the thirdproduct-related task to the first employee and inform the first employeethat the third product-related task has priority over the firstproduct-related task. Processing device 202 may analyze the urgency ofthe first service-improvement condition and the thirdservice-improvement condition after assigning the first product relatedtask at step 3326 and determine the third service-improvement conditionis more urgent than the first service-improvement condition.Accordingly, the processing device 202 may assign the thirdproduct-related task to the first employee and inform the first employeethat the third product-related task has priority over the first productrelated task. In such a case, the first product related task may beshifted into the first employee's pending assignments of the employeedata 3332.

In accordance with the present disclosure, the at least one processormay be further configured to analyze the plurality of images todetermine that the first service-improvement condition had been resolvedprior to the arrival of the first employee and inform the first employeethat the first product-related task has been cancelled. Processingdevice 202 may continuously analyze the plurality of images and/or tocontinuously receive real-time images 3312 at step 3310. Processingdevice 202 may determine the first service-improvement conditionpreviously detected at step 3314 has been resolved before the firstemployee arrives at the first service-improvement (for example, by anaction of another employee, by an action of a customer, and so forth).Processing device 202 may inform the first employee that the firstproduct-related task has been cancelled. According to embodiments ofthis disclosure, the at least one processor may be further configuredto: analyze the plurality of images to identify that the firstproduct-related task has been completed by the first employee, andupdate a repository of product-related tasks associated with the firstemployee based on the identification of the completion of the firstproduct-related task. For example, processing device 202 may update thepending assignments of the employee data 3332 to remove the firstproduct-related task. In another example, performance records in theemployee data 3332 may be updated to include the completed task. Itshould be noted that communications with employees (e.g., for purposesof assigning tasks, directing employees to locations ofservice-improvement conditions, re-assigning employees to new, higherpriority tasks, cancelling tasks, etc.) may be accomplished via anysuitable techniques. Such techniques may include audio instructionsdelivered, e.g., via a wireless earpiece; visual instruction, e.g.,delivered via AR glasses, etc.; visual instructions delivered via one ormore mobile devices (e.g., smartphones, tablets, etc.); machineinstructions (e.g., control signals) delivered to robotic units via awireless communication link, or any other mode of communication withemployees.

According to some embodiments of this disclosure, the at least oneprocessor may be further configured to analyze the plurality of imagesto automatically determine a performance quality level associated withthe completion of the first product-related task; and update aperformance record associated with the first employee based on thedetermined performance quality level. Processing device 202 may analyzethe plurality of images 3312 after the first product-related task hasbeen completed and determine a performance quality level associated withthe task. The performance quality level may be determined based on thecompleteness of the product-related task. Non-limiting examples include:whether upon completion of a task there is a remaining need forcleaning, remaining need for product restocking, remaining need forproduct rearrangement, remaining need for product re-orienting,remaining need for product recall, remaining need for labeling,remaining need for updated pricing, remaining promotion-related need,remaining identified misplaced product, remaining occlusion event, lackof planogram compliance, time to completion of the task, among others.The performance quality level may be added to the performance record ofthe employee and the performance record in the employee data 3332 and/or3334 may be updated with each task performed.

FIG. 34 illustrates an exemplary method 3400 for processing imagescaptured in a retail store and automatically addressing detectedconditions within the retail store. In some embodiments, method 3400 maybe executed by one or more processors (e.g. processing device 202).

In accordance with the present disclosure, a method for processingimages captured in a retail store and for automatically addressingdetected conditions within the retail store is provided. The method mayinclude receiving a plurality of images depicting a plurality ofproducts displayed on a plurality of store shelves (step 3410) anddetecting in the plurality of images an indicator of a firstservice-improvement condition relating to the plurality of products anddetecting in the plurality of images an indicator of a secondservice-improvement condition relating to the plurality of products(step 3414). Processing device 202 may be configured to execute step3414 to detect an indicator of a first service-improvement conditionrelating to a plurality of products and step 3416 to detect an indicatorof a second service-improvement condition relating to the plurality ofproducts. The first service-improvement condition and the secondservice-improvement condition may be different service improvementconditions or the same service-improvement condition relating to theplurality of products. In a non-limiting example, the firstservice-improvement condition may be a cleaning event while the secondservice-improvement condition may be a restocking event. In anothernon-limiting example, the first and second service-improvement eventsmay be occlusion events.

In accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure, the method mayinclude determining a first product-related task for addressing thefirst service-improvement condition and determining a secondproduct-related task for addressing the second service-improvementcondition (steps 3418 and 3420). In some embodiments, the productrelated tasks may be associated with the service-improvement conditions.For example, a cleaning task may be the product related task associatedwith a cleaning event, a restocking task may be the product related taskassociated with a restocking event, a rearrangement task may be theproduct related task associated with a rearrangement event, and anocclusion removal task may be the product related task associated withan occlusion event.

In accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure, the method mayinclude accessing a database storing information indicative of a firstemployee and a second employee on duty during a time interval over whichthe plurality of images was received (step 3422). Processing device 202may be configured to execute step 3422 to access a database (e.g.database 3324) that stores employee information including employeeschedules and real-time updates of on-duty employees. The database mayinclude time data associated with employees who are on-duty that allowsthe processing device 202 to determine at least a first employee (e.g.first employee 3328) and a second employee (e.g. second employee 3330)on duty during the time interval over which the plurality of images wasreceived.

In accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure, the method mayinclude assigning the first product-related task to the first employeeand assigning the second product-related task to the second employee(step 3424). Processing device 202 may be configured to execute step3424 to assign a first product related task to the first employee andthe second product related task to the second employee.

In accordance with the present disclosure, when the firstservice-improvement condition and the second service-improvementcondition include identified misplaced products, the method may includeassigning the first product-related task to the first employee and thesecond product-related task to the second employee based on productcategories associated with the identified misplaced products.Accordingly, product categories may be identified by analyzing theimages, by the location of the shelf, using a planogram, applying aproduct model, etc. as described above. Processing device 202 may beconfigured to execute steps 3418 and 3420 to determine the first andsecond product related tasks, respectively.

FIG. 35 illustrates an example method 3500 for assigning product-relatedtasks to employees. For example, method 3500 may follow steps 3418,3420, and 3422 as described above relative to FIG. 34. According tomethod 3500, processing device 202 may be configured to execute step3502 to determine if the first service improvement condition and thesecond improvement condition include identified misplaced products andto execute step 3504 to assign the first product related task to thefirst employee and the second product-related task to the secondemployee based on the product categories assigned to the identifiedmisplaced products. For example, some product categories may require ahuman employee, a robotic employee, a stronger employee, a smalleremployee, etc. If the first service improvement condition and the secondimprovement condition do not include identified misplaced products, themethod continues to step 3424 to assign a first product related task tothe first employee and the second product related task to the secondemployee.

According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, when the firstservice-improvement condition and the second service-improvementcondition are occlusion events, the method may include assigning thefirst product-related task to the first employee and the secondproduct-related task to the second employee based on occlusioncategories associated with the occlusion events. Processing device 202may be configured to execute steps 3418 and 3420 to determine the firstand second product related tasks. Processing device 202 may beconfigured to execute step 3506 to determine if the first and secondservice-improvement conditions are occlusion events. If the first andsecond service-improvement conditions are occlusion events, processingdevice 202 may execute step 3508 to assign the first product relatedtask to the first employee and the second product-related task to secondemployee based on the occlusion categories assigned to the occlusionevents. For example, some occlusion categories may require a humanemployee, a robotic employee, a stronger employee, a smaller employee,etc. If the first service improvement condition and the secondimprovement condition do not include occlusion events, the methodcontinues to step 3424 to assign a first product related task to thefirst employee and the second product related task to the secondemployee.

When the first service-improvement condition is a need for cleaning andthe second service-improvement condition is a need for rearrangement,the method may further include assigning the first product-related taskto a robot employee and assigning the second product-related task to ahuman employee. Processing device 202 may be configured to execute steps3314 and 3316 to determine the first service-improvement condition andthe second service-improvement condition. Processing device 202 may beconfigured to execute step 3510 to determine whether the firstservice-improvement condition is a need for cleaning and the secondservice-improvement condition is a need for product rearrangement.Processing device 202 may be configured to execute step 3512 to assignthe first product related task to a robot employee and the secondproduct-related task to a human employee. If the first serviceimprovement condition is not a need for cleaning and the secondimprovement condition is not a need for product rearrangement, themethod continues to step 3424 to assign a first product related task tothe first employee and the second product related task to the secondemployee.

According to some embodiments of this disclosure, when the firstemployee is a robot employee, the method may include obtaining dataindicative of a current status of the robot employee for determiningthat the first service-improvement condition can be resolved by therobot employee, and based on the obtained data, determining that thefirst service-improvement condition can be resolved by the robotemployee, before assigning the first product-related task to the firstemployee. Processing device 202 may access the capabilities (e.g.performance, skills)(e.g. from the employee information 3334 viadatabase 3324) to ensure the robot employee is capable of resolving thefirst service-improvement condition by completing the firstproduct-related task. Processing device 202 may also access the physicalconditions (e.g. battery charge, remaining supplies, level of remainingcleaning liquid) to ensure the robot employee is capable of resolvingthe first service-improvement condition by completing the firstproduct-related task before assigning the first-product related task tothe first employee.

According to embodiments of this disclosure, a computer program productfor processing images captured in a retail store and for automaticallyaddressing detected conditions within the retail store is provided. Thecomputer program product may be embodied in a non-transitorycomputer-readable medium and being executable by at least one processor.The computer program product for processing images captured in a retailstore and automatically addressing detected conditions within the retailstore may be implemented, for example in system 100, for analyzinginformation collected from retail stores 105 discussed above.Additionally, the systems, methods, and computer product programs forprocessing images captured in a retail store and automaticallyaddressing detected conditions within the retail store may utilize imageprocessing units 130, servers 135, databases 140, 3324, network 150, andprocessing device 202 as described above. The computer program productmay include instructions for causing the at least one processor (e.g.processing device 202) to execute any or all of the method stepsdescribed above.

According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, systems 100,3300 may further rely on: manual input (e.g. from a user such as a shiftmanager), inventory information (e.g. from backroom or nearbywarehouses), pricing database, promotions database, planograms, storemaster file (catalog), checkout information (such as sales and/orreturns), calendar (e.g. predicting demand based on calendar events andrearranging shelves accordingly), employee records (e.g. pastperformance records, expertise, etc.), shifts roster, and opening hoursinformation. Additional inputs may be from pressure sensors and/or lightsensors and may be used in tasks creation, monitoring, and performancequality ranking.

In some embodiments, the task may become redundant without an actionfrom the employee. For example, an action of a customer may solve anissue (as described above) or render the problem irrelevant. In othercases, a task may change due to an action of a customer. The system mayidentify such cases and delete tasks/update tasks/reprioritize tasksaccordingly.

Consistent with the present disclosure, the system may analyze images todetermine tasks associated with shelves, assign the tasks to employees(and optionally prioritizing the tasks); and to monitor the execution ofthe tasks by analyzing images of the shelves. Optionally, the system mayrank employees based on their performances, and/or assign tasks based onemployees past performances.

In some embodiments, images may be analyzed to identify tasks associatedwith store shelves (for example, a first task associated with a firstgroup of at least one store shelf and a second task associated with asecond group of at least one store shelf). A database of store employees(for example, comprising at least a first employee and a secondemployee) may be accessed, and the tasks may be assigned to employees(for example, the first task may be assigned to the first employee andthe second task may be assigned to the second employee). In someexamples, the assignment of tasks to employees may be based on locationsof the shelves associated with the tasks (for example, a locationassociated with the first group of at least one shelf and on a locationassociated with the second group of at least one shelf) and/or onlocations associated with the plurality of store employees, for example,by preferring to assign the task associated with store shelves closer toan employee to the employee. In some examples, the assignment of tasksto employees is based on types of product associated with the tasks (forexample, based on the types of product associated with the shelves thatare associated with the task). For example, an employee may have anexpertise related to some product types and/or a better pastperformances when dealing with some product types, and the system mayprefer assigning tasks associated with those product types to thatemployee. In another example, tasks associated with product types thatare more important and/or have more value to the store may be assignedto a more experienced employee and/or to an employee with better pastperformances. In some examples, the assignment of tasks to employees maybe based on the types of tasks (for example, on a type of taskassociated with the first task and on a type of task associated with thesecond task). For example, an employee may have an expertise related tosome types of tasks and/or a better past performances when dealing withsome types of tasks, and the system may prefer assigning tasks of thosetypes to that employee. In another example, tasks of a type that is moreimportant and/or has more value to the store may be assigned to a moreexperienced employee and/or to an employee with better pastperformances. In some examples, the assignment of tasks to employees maybe based on the plurality of tasks already assigned to employees (forexample, on a first plurality of tasks already assigned to the firstemployee and on a second plurality of tasks already assigned to thesecond employee). For example, tasks that are more important and/or havemore value to the store may be assigned to employee more availableand/or predicted to get to the tasks sooner. In some examples, theassignment of tasks to employees may be based on past performances ofthe employees, for example, as described above. In some examples, theimages may be analyzed to assign priorities to tasks (for example, afirst priority to the first task and a second priority to the secondtask), and the assignment of tasks to employees may be based on theassigned priorities. In some examples, the images may be analyzed toprioritize the tasks assigned to an employee, and the prioritization ofthe tasks may be provided to the employee, for example, visually,textually, audibly, and so forth. In some examples, the images may beanalyzed to identify a completion of the tasks. In some cases, arepository of tasks (that may be associated with employees) may beupdated based on the identification of the completion of the first task.In some cases, the images may be further analyzed to determine aperformance quality associated with the completed tasks, and aperformances record associated with the employees may be updated basedon the determined quality.

In some embodiments, recommended tasks may be selected to improve ascoring function, possibly under constraints related to possiblearrangement of shelves, to price associated with different properties ofshelves, to predict work time associated with the recommended tasks, andso forth.

According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, a system forprocessing images captured in a retail store is provided. The system mayinclude at least one image sensor configured to capture at least oneimage of a plurality of products located on a plurality of storeshelves, and at least one processing unit. The processing unit may beconfigured to analyze the at least one image to identify a first taskassociated with a first group of at least one shelf and a second taskassociated with a second group of at least one shelf; access a databaseof store employees comprising at least a first employee and a secondemployee; assign the first task to the first employee; and assign thesecond task to the second employee.

In some embodiments, the assignment of tasks to employees may be basedon a location associated with the first group of at least one shelf andon a location associated with the second group of at least one shelf.The assignment of tasks to employees may be based on a locationassociated with the first store employee and on a location associatedwith the second store employee. The assignment of tasks to employees maybe based on a type of product associated with the first group of atleast one shelf and on a type of product associated with the secondgroup of at least one shelf. The assignment of tasks to employees may bebased on a type of the first task and on a type of the second task. Theassignment of tasks to employees may be based on a first plurality oftasks already assigned to the first employee and on a second pluralityof tasks already assigned to the second employee. The assignment oftasks to employees may be based on past performances of the firstemployee and on past performances of the second employee.

According to embodiments of this disclosure, the at least one processingunit may be further configured to analyze the at least one image toassign a first priority to the first task; analyze the at least oneimage to assign a second priority to the second task; and base theassignment of tasks to employees on the first priority and the secondpriority.

In some embodiments, the at least one processing unit may be furtherconfigured to: analyze the at least one image to identify a third taskassociated with a third group of at least one shelf; assign the thirdtask to the first employee; analyze the at least one image to prioritizethe first task and the third task; and provide the informationassociated with the prioritization to the first employee. The at leastone processing unit may further configured to: analyze the at least oneimage to identify a completion of the first task. The at least oneprocessing unit may be further configured to update a repository oftasks associated with the first employee based on the identification ofthe completion of the first task. The at least one processing unit maybe further configured to analyze the at least one image to determine aperformance quality associated with the first task and update aperformances record associated with the first employee based on thedetermined quality.

In one embodiment, a monitoring system and method for identifyingproducts in retail stores based on analysis of image data and forautomatically generating performance indicators relating to theidentified products is provided. In a retail store, a product may beoffered in more than one position and location in the store. Forexample, the same product may be positioned on a regular shelf in aregion corresponding to the category of the product but may also bepresent on a promotional shelf or a display presenting the product onsale. While an analysis of checkout and sales data may show the flow ofproducts out of an entire store, this data may not provide informationabout the flow of products within the store itself. For example, whenlooking at sales data for a product that is placed on both a regular andpromotional shelf, a user looking at overall sales data would not beable to determine whether more units of the product were sold from thepromotional shelf or from the regular shelf, when those sales occurred,who was more likely to buy from one shelf or the other, etc.

Consistent with the disclosed embodiments, the system described hereinmay analyze images of the different positions in a retail store thathold the same product type to determine the flow of the product fromdifferent locations in the store. The flow of products may be associatedwith the different locations of the product in the store and may beautomatically compared and/or analyzed to generate performanceindicators and/or placement recommendations. For example, the system maydetermine the contribution or correlation of a specific product positionwithin the store to sales, and may determine a recommendation (e.g.,canceling or moving a display or shelving unit, enlarging or decreasingthe viewing area of the shelving unit, and so forth) in order toincrease product turnover. In some embodiments, future behavior of theinventory on the shelf and/or on the display may be predicted by thesystem.

FIG. 36 provides a diagrammatic illustration of an exemplary systemenvironment 3600 for capturing image data (e.g., sets of images, video,information derived by analyzing images and/or video, etc.) from variouslocations in a retail store 3601 to determine product turnover data andassociated performance indicators.

Consistent with the disclosed embodiments, the system may receive afirst set of images (e.g., captured by any of the image capture devicesdescribed above) depicting a first plurality of products associated withselected product types (e.g., with a single product type, with a productcategory) displayed on a first shelving unit in a retail store. Withreference to FIG. 36, a first shelving unit 3603 located in retail store3601 may contain a first plurality of products 3607A. The system mayanalyze the first set of images of first shelving unit 3603 to determinefirst product turnover data associated with the first shelving unit3603. For example, over a plurality of images, at least one processormay monitor events such as removal of a product from shelving unit 3603(e.g., by a customer), restocking of the products on the shelves, etc.Based on one or more of the monitored events, the at least one processormay determine a rate at which the first plurality of products areremoved from shelving unit 3603 for purchase. For example, the first setof images may be analyzed with a machine learning model trained usingtraining examples to determine first product turnover data from a set ofimages. In another example, the first set of images may be analyzed withan artificial neural network configured to determine first productturnover data from a set of images.

In some embodiments, the plurality of products may be associated with aplurality of product types. For example, the plurality product types maycorrespond to a certain category of products. For example, in a grocerystore, the category of products may include soft drinks; in anelectronics store, the category of products may include cell phones; andso forth. In some cases, the plurality of product types may include ageneric category of products (e.g., soft drinks, cereals, shampoos,produce, etc.). In other cases, the plurality of product types beingmonitored may correspond to a more particular category of products(e.g., bottled soft drinks, canned soft drinks, fruit yogurt, skim milk,etc.) In some embodiments, the plurality of products may be associatedwith a single product type, such as 16 oz. bottles of Coca Cola Zero,1-gallon containers of skim milk, cherry tomatoes, etc.

The system may also receive a second set of images depicting a secondplurality of products also associated with the selected product types.For example, where the first set of images depict a first plurality ofproducts associated with a single product type, the second set of imagesmay depict a second plurality of products also associated with the samesingle product type. In another example, where the first set of imagesdepict a first plurality of products associated with a category ofproducts, the second set of images may depict a second plurality ofproducts also associated with the same category of products. This secondset of images may be acquired of the second plurality of products asthose products are displayed on a second shelving unit in the retailstore nonadjacent to the first shelving unit. For example, withreference to FIG. 36, a second shelving unit 3605 located in retailstore 3601 may contain a second plurality of products 3607B. In someexamples, first plurality of products 3607A and second plurality ofproducts 3607B both belong to and are associated with the same categoryof products (e.g., cellular phones, soft drinks, etc.). In someexamples, first plurality of products 3607A and second plurality ofproducts 3607B both belong to and are associated with a single producttype (e.g., 6-pack of 16 oz. Coca-Cola Zero, cucumbers, and so forth).The system may analyze the second set of images of second shelving unit3605 to determine second product turnover data associated with thesecond shelving unit 3605 (e.g., in a manner similar to the processdescribed above for determining the product turnover data for thesimilar products located on shelving unit 3603).

In some embodiments, the first shelving unit 3603 may be located in adifferent area of the retail store 3601 than the second shelving unit3605. As shown in FIG. 36, the first shelving unit 3603 may be locatedin the front portion of retail store 3601, while second shelving unit3605 may be located in the back corner of retail store 3601.

In some embodiments, after receiving and analyzing the first and secondset of images and determining first product turnover and second productturnover data, the system may automatically generate a performanceindicator associated with the selected product types using the firstproduct turnover data and the second product turnover data. For example,the selected product types may be a product category, and the firstproduct turnover data and the second product turnover data may be usedto automatically generate a performance indicator associated with theproduct category. In another example, the selected product types may bea single product type, and the first product turnover data and thesecond product turnover data may be used to automatically generate aperformance indicator associated with the single product type. In someembodiments, the performance indicator may account for a contribution ofeach of the first shelving unit 3603 and the second shelving unit 3605to overall sales of the selected product types (e.g., the single producttype, the product category, etc.) by the retail store 3601. For example,the performance indicator may include information about the percentageof product sales for a product category or a single product type fromfirst shelving unit 3603 as compared to second shelving unit 3605. Suchinformation may enable the at least one processor to determine, amongother things, which of the locations is more effective in generatingsales of the selected product types.

In some embodiments, the processor may be further configured to storerecords of the performance indicator associated with a period of timeand generate a report of the contribution of each of the first shelvingunit 3603 and the second shelving unit 3605 to the overall sales of thesingle product type during the period of time. For example, theperformance indicator may be generated and viewed for a single producttype over various time periods, such as a day, week, month, and thelike, and additionally or alternatively, may be viewed for certainoperating hours of a day for retail store 3601 over similar periods oftime.

In some embodiments, the processor may be further configured todetermine, based on image analysis of the first and second set ofimages, demographics of customers that picked up the single producttype. For example, various capture devices 125 that are placedthroughout retail store 3601 may be further configured to capture faceimages to be included in the first and second set of images. The systemmay then determine/estimate the age and gender of customers 120 thatpicked up the single product type discussed herein. Such a determinationmay be made, for example, by a machine learning system trained toestimate the age of a person based on facial features, hair color, orany other visible characteristics, by an artificial neural networkconfigured to estimate the age of a person from face images, and soforth. The processor may further generate a report showing thedemographics of a first group of customers that picked up the singleproduct type from the first shelving unit 3603 and the demographics of asecond group of customers that picked up the single product type fromthe second shelving unit 3605. For example, age and/or genderdistributions may be determined for the first group of customers and thesecond group of customers. Further, the distributions for the firstgroup of customers and the distribution for the second group ofcustomers may be compared. For example, a statistical distance (such asf-divergence, Kullback-Leibler divergence, Hellinger distance, Totalvariation distance, Rényi's divergence, Jensen-Shannon divergence,Lévy-Prokhorov metric, Bhattacharyya distance, Kantorovich metric,Tsallis divergence, etc.) between the two distributions may be computed.In some examples, the computed statistical distance may be included inthe generated report. In some examples, the computed statisticaldistance may be compared with a selected threshold, and one report maybe generated in response to a first result of the comparison, while adifferent report may be generated in response to a different result ofthe comparison. Similar analysis may be conducted by the system forother demographic characteristics. In yet further embodiments, theprocessor may also determine other types of products that customers buyin addition to the selected product types (for example, in addition tothe single product type, in addition to the product category, and soforth), and may generate a report listing types of products that a firstgroup of customers picked up and types of products that a second groupof customers picked up. For example, the set of images may be analyzedto identify products in a cart associated with a customer, and the othertypes of products that the customer buy may be determined based on theproducts identified in the customer's cart. In another example, acustomer may be tracked in the set of images as she moves through theretail store (for example, using a visual tracking algorithm, using facerecognition, and so forth), products that the customer picks may beidentified (for example, as described above), and the other types ofproducts that the customer buy may be determined based on the identifiedproducts that the customer picked. In yet another example, facerecognition algorithms may be used to identify the customer and access aloyalty program information associated with the customer, where theloyalty program information may include information about the othertypes of products that the customer purchases. This information may beused by the processor to automatically generate a report correlatingpurchases of a particular product or product type with factors such asproduct location in a store, customer demographics, product typescommonly purchased together with the particular product or product type,etc.

In some embodiments, the processor may receive performance indicatorsfrom multiple retail stores and generate a report showing an averagecontribution of each of the first shelving unit 3603 and the secondshelving unit 3605 to the overall sales of the single product type. Forexample, information from multiple retail stores may be aggregated,analyzed, and/or compared, to obtain various insights about the singleproduct type. The multiple stores from which information is analyzed maycorrespond to certain parameters, such as: geographical areas, storechains, business units, store categories, and the like. In otherembodiments, the system may identify and produce lists of performanceindicators from the multiple retail stores to identify those shelvingunit displays that are both effective and ineffective in producingturnover the single product type and may provide recommendations to theretail stores to enhance effectiveness of the shelving unit displays.

In some embodiments, the processor may identify an existence ofpromotions for a single product type in proximity to each of the firstshelving unit 3603 and the second shelving unit 3605, based on imageanalysis of the first and second set of images. The processor maygenerate a report showing promotional effectiveness on the overall salesof the single product type at each of the first shelving unit 3603 andthe second shelving unit 3605 as a result of a nearby promotion. Forexample, product kiosk 3611 may contain promotional information and/oremployee representatives of retail store 3601 who are promoting a salefor the single product type stored on first shelving unit 3603 andsecond shelving unit 3605. Such a promotion may also include morepassive elements, such as an endcap or product display featuring aparticular product or indicating a sale or other promotional aspectrelative to the particular product.

In some embodiments, the processor may use image data to identify aplurality of sell events where customers picked up products associatedwith the single product type. In such embodiments, the performanceindicator may be determined based on a number of sell events associatedwith the first shelving unit 3603 and a number of sell events associatedwith the second shelving unit 3605. For example, the system may trackthe movement of user 120 throughout the retail store 3601 (e.g., basedon sequential appearances of the user in a plurality of images capturedat different locations throughout the retail store, using facerecognition, and so forth). The processor may automatically detect sellevents based on detected actions (represented in a plurality of capturedimages) associated with user 120 picking up a first product type ateither first shelving unit 3603 or second shelving unit 3605, andeventually proceeding to the point-of-sale area 3609, where the firstproduct type is purchased by the user 120. Such detected actions may bedetermined to constitute sell events.

In some embodiments, the processor may use image data to identify aplurality of near-sell events where customers showed interest in thesingle product type but did not pick up a product. In such embodiments,the performance indicator may be determined based on a number ofidentified near-sell events associated with the first shelving unit 3603and a number of identified near-sell events associated with the secondshelving unit 3605. For example, the image data may be analyzed toidentify near-sell events using a machine learning model trained todetect near-sell events from a sequence of images, using an artificialneural network configured to detect near-sell events from a sequence ofimages, and so forth. In some embodiments, the system may track themovement of user 120, and determine a length of time a user 120 spendsin front of either first shelving unit 3603 or second shelving unit3605. In some examples, the performance indicator may be determinedbased on this length of time, which may be automatically determined. Forexample, the length of time may correspond to the amount of time that auser faces the shelving unit, the amount of time that a user is inproximity to the shelving unit, and so forth.

In some embodiments, the processor may use image data to identify areturn event where a customer placed a product on at least one of thefirst shelving unit 3603 and the second shelving unit 3605. In suchembodiments, the performance indicator may be determined based on anumber of return events detected relative to the first shelving unit3603 and a number of return events detected relative to the secondshelving unit 3605. For example, the system may track the movement ofuser 120, and may capture images of first shelving unit 3603 and secondshelving unit 3605 to determine when a user 120 has picked up a product,but later returned the same product to any shelving unit located in theretail store 3601, including shelving unit 3603 and 3605 (among others),rather than taking the product to point-of-sale area 3609 for purchase.Further, properties of a return event may be identified by analyzing theimage data and used to determine the performance indicator. Someexamples of such properties may include the amount of time that thecustomer picked up the product that was later returned, the amount oftime that the customer returned the product, the elapsed time betweenpicking up the product and returning the product, the location fromwhich the product was picked up from (such as first shelving unit 3603,second shelving unit 3605, etc.), the location to which the product wasreturned to, whether the product was returned to the same location itwas picked up from, and so forth. In some examples, the product of thereturn event may be associated with the single product type. In otherexamples, the product of the return event may be associated with aproduct type other than the single product type. In other embodiments,the system may identify a user 120 picking up a product from a singlelocation, and replacing the product on a shelf, while taking analternative product of the same product type. For example, withreference to FIG. 38, a user 120 may initially take a product from firstshelving unit 3803 but may later return the product by placing it onsecond shelving unit 3805 and may take an alternative product of thesame type from second shelving unit 3805. Information about such eventsmay be recorded by the system and may be used to determine theperformance indicator.

FIG. 37 provides an additional diagrammatic illustration of an exemplarysystem environment 3700 for capturing sets of image data about retailstore 3701 to determine product turnover data and associated performanceindicators. In some embodiments, the processor may provide arecommendation to increase the overall sales of a single product type bychanging a display parameter associated with at least one of the firstshelving unit and the second shelving unit. For example, with referenceto FIG. 37, first shelving unit 3703 may be of a different type thansecond shelving unit 3705. As shown in FIG. 37, first shelving unit 3703is a promotional shelving square shelving unit, where the single producttype may be displayed on all sides of the first shelving unit 3703,while second shelving unit 3705 may be a typical row shelving unit. Theat least one processor may determine sales metrics for a product type(e.g., total sales, rate of sales, etc.) placed on shelving unit 3703and shelving unit 3705. Based on this information, along withcharacteristics associated with shelving unit 3703 and shelving unit3705, the processor may generate a report or other indicator of whichshelving type and/or what shelving characteristics may be most effectivein encouraging sales of a particular product. Such information may alsobe useful in generating recommendations for increasing product sales,for example by recognizing in captured images one or more shelvingcharacteristics (e.g., stocking density, shelf configuration, shelfplacement, shelf highest, shelf size, facings, color scheme, or anyother shelving/product characteristic) and making a recommendation forchanging at least one shelving/product characteristic to more closelymatch other configurations known to be associated with higher salesvolumes. For example, the recommendation may be based on statisticsgathered from other retail stores, which may be used to identifyconfigurations associated with higher sales volume and configurationsassociated with lower sales volumes.

In some embodiments, the display parameter associated with a recommendedchange may also include at least one of a display location, a displaysize, and adjacent product types. As shown in FIG. 37, first shelvingunit 3703 includes a central display location in retail store 3701,while second shelving unit 3705 is maintained at the back corner of thestore. First shelving unit 3703 and second shelving unit 3705 may be ofdifferent display sizes, of different heights, and may also containdifferent adjacent product types. As described herein, the processor mayanalyze the sales and flow of the single product type from firstshelving unit 3703 and second shelving unit 3705 to determine preferreddisplay parameters for the single product type within retail store 3701.

FIG. 38 provides a diagrammatic illustration of different types ofshelving units 3803 and 3805 to assist in determining product turnoverdata and associated performance indicators. In some embodiments, theprocessor may analyze a first set of images to recognize a first pricelisted on a label associated with the first shelving unit 3803 and mayanalyze the second set of images to recognize a second price listed on alabel associated with the second shelving unit 3805. The processor mayfurther inform a user when there is a price mismatch between the firstprice and the second price. For example, if the products placed on firstshelving unit 3803 contain a sale price indicator, but the same productsplaced on second shelving unit 3805 do not contain the sale price, theuser may be informed of the price mismatch. The prices may be recognizedbased on labels on products located on shelving units 3803 and 3805 ormay be recognized based on price tags displayed directly on shelvingunits 3803 and 3805.

In some embodiments, the first shelving unit 3803 may have a differentdisplay size than the second shelving unit 3805. As shown in FIG. 38,first shelving unit 3803 is a square shelving unit that can display theproduct on all sides of the shelving unit. Second shelving unit 3805 isa traditional row-based shelving unit. Further, the first shelving unit3803 may be located adjacent to at least one product type that isdifferent from product types adjacent to the second shelving unit 3805.For example, assuming the single product type is soft drinks, firstshelving unit 3803 may be located adjacent to snack foods (e.g., potatochips), while shelving unit 3805 may be located adjacent to otherbeverages (e.g., water, juice). The system may analyze the performanceof first shelving unit 3803 and second shelving unit 3805 by analyzingthe sales of the single product type, as well as the adjacent producttypes, to determine a performance indicator. Such a performanceindicator may be automatically correlated with the size of the shelvingunits or based on any other characteristics of the shelving units orproducts placed on the shelving units.

In some embodiments, additional information about the product flow maybe determined by the system. For example, the image sets may be analyzedto determine additional information about product flow, such as: thedirection the customer approached the display or shelving unit (e.g., byusing of a tracking algorithm applied to a series of captures imagescaptured at different times); other products a customer possesses whendeciding to pick up a unit of a single product type (e.g., by detectingin one or more captured images representations of products carried in ahand of a customer or in a cart or basket associated with the customer);whether the customer is part of a loyalty plan at the retail store(i.e., based on facial recognition, or alternatively by tracking thebuyer throughout the store and comparing checkout data), and the like.

FIG. 39 is an example of identification method 3900, consistent with thedisclosed embodiments. Method 3900 may, for example, be executed by theat least one processor configured to receive sets of captured images(e.g., image processing unit 130) or any other appropriate hardwareand/or software. Further, when executing method 3900, the at least oneprocessor may execute instructions and any of the concepts describedabove within the server 135 (which may include memory device 226 anddatabase 140) and/or over communications network 150.

In step 3901, the at least one processor may receive a first set ofimages depicting a first plurality of products associated with a singleproduct type displayed on a first shelving unit in a retail store. Asdescribed herein, image data may be captured by stationary cameras, byautomated devices that patrol the store, by mobile devices of storeemployees, or by a combination these.

In step 3903, the processor may analyze the first set of images todetermine first product turnover data associated with the first shelvingunit. As described herein, the set of images may be analyzed to detect adisplay shelf associated with the single product type. The image datamay be further analyzed to determine at least one characteristic of aflow of products of the product type associated with the shelf (e.g., arate products are picked up from the shelf by customers, or any otherappropriate metric indicative of product turnover). In some examples,the at least one characteristic may comprise a pattern indicating a needto restock the shelf.

In other embodiments, the set of images may be further analyzed todetermine other information, such as a facing area of the shelfassociated with the product type, a height of the shelf, a location ofthe shelf, and so forth. In some cases, a recommendation to increase ordecrease the facing area of the shelf associated with the product typemay be provided, for example based on the determined facing area and/orthe at least one property of a flow of products of the product typeassociated with the shelf. In some cases, a recommendation to change atleast one aspect of the shelf (such as height, location, etc.) may beprovided, for example based on the determined properties of the shelf(such as height, location, etc.) and/or the at least one property of aflow of products of the product type associated with the shelf.

In step 3905, the processor may receive a second set of images depictinga second plurality of products also associated with the single producttype displayed on a second shelving unit in the retail store nonadjacentto the first shelving unit. For example, as shown in FIGS. 36 and 37,the first shelving units (3603 and 3703) may be placed in a separatearea of the retail store that is not adjacent to the second shelvingunits (3605 and 3705).

In step 3907, the processor may analyze the second set of images todetermine second product turnover data associated with the secondshelving unit. In step 3909, the processor may automatically generate aperformance indicator associated with the product type using the firstproduct turnover data and the second product turnover data.

In the retail world, an order from a virtual store is often fulfilledfrom a physical retail store close to the location of the customer. Tofulfill the order, an employee of the retail store may go through theretail store and collect products listed in the order. The collectedproducts may then be delivered to the customer's home or be prepared forpick-up by the customer. One of the challenges of online shopping isassuring that the goods offered to the customer at the time of purchasematch the actual inventory available in the physical store. Thischallenge is heightened for virtual stores that sell products with ahigh turnover rate and limited shelf life, such as food products. Otherthan inaccuracies in the inventory records of the physical store, thereis an inevitable gap between the time that customers order the productsand the time the store employees collect the products listed in theorders. Communicating with customers while the products are beingcollected is one example of a current solution that retail stores use toresolve inconsistencies between the customers' orders and the actualinventory in the store. The present disclosure suggests a differentsolution that uses deployment of stationary image capturing devices(e.g., capturing devices 125) throughout the retail store to improve theonline shopping experience.

Reference is now made to FIG. 40A, which illustrates a timelineassociated with the exemplary solution of the present disclosure.Initially, the suggested method includes receiving image data 4000 todetermine a current inventory in retail store 105, and receiving productsupply information 4002 to determine a predicted inventory. Thereafter,at the end of a first time period, a customer 4004 of a virtual storemay complete an online order. The online order may be fulfilled by anemployee 4006 of retail store 105 during a second time period, anddelivered to customer 4004 at the end of a third time period. The term“time period,” includes, but is not limited to, an amount of timeincluding a single point in time or a duration (for example, range oftime) that extends from a first point in time to a second point in time.In a first example embodiment, the suggested method may include usingimage data 4000 and supply information 4002 to predict the inventoryduring the second time period and present to customer 4004 the predictedinventory at the time of ordering the products (e.g., during the firsttime period). In a second example embodiment, the suggested method mayinclude using image data 4000 to estimate the quality of products duringthe third time period and presenting at the time of ordering theproducts (e.g., during the first time period) to customer 4004 anindicator of the estimated quality of the products.

The following demonstrates the two example embodiments. Assume customer4004 is considering buying avocados online. At the time customer 4004 isordering products from a virtual store (i.e., during the first timeperiod), she wants to know if the store has avocados. Independently fromor in connection with the activities of customer 4004, the virtual storemay receive information indicating that at the time the order ofcustomer 4004 is expected to be collected (i.e., during the second timeperiod), retail store 105 is expected to have avocados in-stock buttheir quality is estimated to be below average (e.g., based on adetermined average shelf time for in stock avocados and based onpredetermined metrics such as average time to ripeness, based onpredicted future restocking events, etc.). According to the firstembodiment, the virtual store may present to customer 4004 at the firsttime period an indication that avocados are in-stock. According to thesecond embodiment, the virtual store may present to customer 4004 at thefirst time period an indication that the avocados' quality is estimatedto be below average. Armed with this knowledge, customer 4004 cancomplete her online shopping and decide whether to buy or not to buyavocados at the virtual store.

FIG. 40B depicts an exemplary method 4010 in accordance with the firstexample embodiment. Method 4010 is used for identifying products andtracking inventory in retail store 105 based on analysis of image data4000. For purposes of illustration, in the following description,reference is made to certain components of system 100. It will beappreciated, however, that other implementations are possible and thatother components may be utilized to implement the exemplary method. Itwill also be readily appreciated that the illustrated method can bealtered to modify the order of steps, delete steps, or further includeadditional steps.

At step 4012, a processing device (e.g., processing device 202) mayreceive image data 4000 associated with the at least one product type inretail store 105. In one embodiment, image data 4000 may be acquired byany one of capturing devices 125 illustrated in FIG. 4A-4C. For example,image data 4000 may be acquired by a plurality of image sensors mountedin retail store 105. Details of capturing devices mounted in retailstore 105 and configured to acquire image data 4000 are described withreferences to FIGS. 5A-5C, for example. The acquired image data mayinclude images captured by one or more capturing devices 125 (e.g., rawimages, cropped images, video streams, and more) or processed dataderived from captured images (e.g., data about products identified incaptured images, data that may be used to construct a 3D image, andmore). In one embodiment, the processing device may periodically receiveimage data that corresponds with the current inventory of the productson the shelf. For example, the processing device may receive image data4000 at predetermined time intervals (e.g., every minute, every 5minutes, every 15 minutes, every 30 minutes, etc.). In anotherembodiment, the processing device may receive image data 4000 inresponse to a detection of a certain identified event. In one example,the processing device may receive image data 4000 after an event, suchas a detected lifting of a product from the retail shelving unit. Inanother example, the processing device may receive image data 4000 afterreceiving an indication that customer 4004 has entered a websiteassociated with the virtual store, after customer 4004 has navigated toa particular inventory item, searched for a particular product, etc.

At step 4014, the processing device may analyze image data 4000 toestimate a current inventory of at least one product type in retailstore 105. Consistent with the present disclosure, the current inventoryof at least one product type in retail store 105 may include anestimation of the quantity of products from the at least one producttype. In one example, the estimated quantity may be a number thatcorresponds to the number of products from the at least one product type(e.g., 37 units of 12 fl oz bottles of Coca-Cola Zero). In anotherexample, the estimated quantity may be an indicator of the existingquantity of the at least one product type relative to the desiredquantity of the at least one product type as identified in the relevantplanogram (e.g., 65% of planogram inventory of 12 fl oz bottles ofCoca-Cola Zero). In one embodiment, the processing device may estimatethe current inventory of the at least one product type using acombination of image data 4000 and data from one or more additionalsensors configured to detect a number of products placed on a storeshelf. For example, the one or more additional sensors may includeweight sensors, pressure sensors, touch sensors, light sensors,detection elements as described in relation to FIGS. 8A, 8B and 9, andso forth. Such sensors may be used alone or in combination withcapturing devices 125, for example, to determine the area of the shelfcovered by products. For example, the processing device may analyze thedata received from the detection elements attached to store shelves asdescribed above, alone or in combination with images captured from theretail store, to estimate current inventory of one or more producttypes. In another embodiment, the processing device may analyze imagedata 4000 to estimate the current inventory of one or more product typesin retail store 105. The one or more of product types may include, forexample, a plurality of product types, more than 50 product types, morethan 100 product types, more than 250 product types, etc.

At step 4016, the processing device may receive product supplyinformation 4002 associated with the at least one product type in retailstore 105. Consistent with the present disclosure, the term “productsupply information” may refer to any information indicative of futurechanges in the inventory of at least one product in retail store 105.For example, product supply information 4002 may include at least oneof: a schedule of arrivals of additional products (e.g., dates, times,updates from a supplier, etc.), known orders of products (e.g., quantityof scheduled products), inventory records (e.g., the quantity ofproducts that the retail store has in storage), checkout data (e.g., thenumber of sold items of the at least one product type), calendar data(e.g., holidays, sport games, etc.), historical product turnover data(e.g., the number of turkeys sold per day during the three weeks priorto Thanksgiving of last year), average turnover (e.g., per hour in aday, per day in a week, per special events). In one embodiment, productsupply information 4002 may be obtained from multiple sources (e.g.,market research entity 110, supplier 115, and multiple retail stores105) and may include different types of parameters. In anotherembodiment, product supply information 4002 may be derived from imagedata 4000. For example, product supply information 4002 may includeanalytics of the turnover of the at least one product based on pastimage data 4000. In some embodiments, product supply information 4002may be stored digitally in memory device 226, stored in database 140,obtained using network interface 206 through communication network 150,obtained from a user, and so forth.

At step 4018, the processing device may determine that an online orderfrom a virtual store made during a first time period will be fulfilledby an employee of the retail store during a second time period.Different retail stores may have different policies regarding the timesthat online orders are being collected. For example, in some retailstores, online orders may be collected at predetermined times (e.g.,between 11:00 AM to 2:00 PM), and in other retail stores, online ordersmay be collected only by certain employees. Consistent with the presentdisclosure, the processing device may access information about retailstore 105 (e.g., store policies, employees' data, historical data,etc.). The processing device may use the information to estimate whenfuture online orders will be collected. For example, the processingdevice may determine the following times listed in table 1.

TABLE 1 Online order time Order fulfillment time Max time (the firstperiod) (the second period) difference 06:00-10:00 10:30-12:00 6:0010:00-14:00 13:00-15:30 5:30 14:00-18:00 18:00-19:30 5:30 18:00-06:0006:00-08:00 14:00 

The times in the table may be updated periodically (e.g., once week,once a month, etc.) or updated in real-time or near real-time. Forexample, a retail store with several employees that called in sick maynot be able to fulfill online orders according to the original schedule,and the times in the table may be updated in response to such call. Inone embodiment, the processing device may determine the second timeperiod based on a schedule associated with retail store 105. In oneexample, the schedule may be associated with the orders' deliveryschedule.

At step 4020, the processing device may determine, based on the currentinventory estimated by analyzing image data 4000 and product supplyinformation 4002, a predicted inventory of the at least one product typeduring the second time period. Consistent with the present disclosure,the predicted inventory may include a quantity estimation of the atleast one product type or just an indication that the at least oneproduct type is estimated to be above a certain threshold (e.g., morethan 25% of the number of products identified in the planogram). In oneembodiment, the processing device may determine the turnover rate usingproduct supply information 4002 (e.g., past image data). Thereafter, theprocessing device may calculate the predicted inventory of the at leastone product type during the second time period from the currentinventory and determined turnover rate. In another embodiment, theprocessing device may train a regression model (for example, anartificial neural network, a support vector regression, a linearregression, etc.) to calculate the predicted inventory of the at leastone product type during the second time period. In some examples, thepredicted inventory may include an in-stock/out-of-stock prediction, apredicted quantity of the at least one product type during the secondtime period, a confidence level, a range of possible future quantities,with corresponding probabilities, and so forth.

In some embodiments, step 4020 may further include determining, based oninputs as described above, probabilities that the quantity of the atleast one product type during the second time period will be a certainamount or within a certain range of amounts. For example, step 4020 mayprovide a predicted probability that the quantity of the at least oneproduct type during the second time period will be at least a selectedamount. In another example, step 4020 may provide a distribution ofpredicted quantities (i.e., assigning probabilities to a number ofdifferent quantities) of the at least one product type during the secondtime period. Some examples of such distributions may include normaldistribution, Fisher's noncentral hypergeometric distribution,Wallenius' noncentral hypergeometric distribution, Poisson distribution,and so forth. In some examples, such probabilities and/or distributionsmay be estimated using a machine learning model trained to predict theprobabilities and/or distributions from the inputs described above. Inother examples, such probabilities and/or distributions may be estimatedusing an artificial neural network configured to predict theprobabilities and/or distributions from the inputs described above.

At step 4022, the processing device may provide information to thevirtual store regarding the predicted inventory of the at least oneproduct type during the second time period. With reference to table 1above, listing the order fulfillment times for retail store 105, table 2below depicts an example of the information that may be provided to thevirtual store regarding the predicted inventory of different products.

TABLE 2 List of products 10:30-12:00 13:00-15:30 18:00-19:30 06:00-08:00Product A In-stock Low Out-of-stock In-stock Product B In-stock In-stockLow Out-of-stock Product C Out-of-stock Out-of-stock In-stock In-stockProduct D In-stock In-stock In-stock In-stock

Using the information provided, the virtual store can present (duringthe first time period) an inventory indicator for the at least oneproduct, for example, assuming customer 4004 is making an order at 14:15for products A, B, C, and D. At 14:15 customer 4004 may see in thevirtual store that product A is out-of-stock, that product B may beout-of-stock, and that products C and D are in-stock. The virtual storemay show these results based on the predicted inventory of theseproducts between 18:00 to 19:30, which is the time store employee 4006may be expected to fulfill the order of customer 4004 (i.e., the secondtime period). In this case, the predicted inventory may be based on thecalculated turnover rate of products A, B, and D and the shipmentschedule of product C. Additionally or alternatively to steps 4016,4018, 4020 and 4022, the virtual store may show current inventory of atleast one product type in the retail store to a user of the virtualstore, such as the current inventory information estimated by step 4014by analyzing images of products in the retail store and/or by analyzingsensor readings from detection elements attached to store shelves asdescribed above with relation to methods 1000 and 1050.

According to one embodiment, the processing device may determine atleast two predicted inventories of a group of product types, where eachpredicted inventory may be associated with a different second timeperiod. For example, some retail stores may offer a VIP service and aregular service. In this example, a VIP online order from a virtualstore made during a first time period may be fulfilled by an employee ofthe retail store during a first second-time-period. A regular onlineorder from the virtual store made during the first time period may befulfilled by an employee of the retail store during a secondsecond-time-period. The second second-time-period may be later than thefirst second-time-period. With reference to the example above, assumecustomer 4004 is making an order at 14:15 for products A, B, C, and Dand selects the VIP service. At 14:15 customer 4004 may see in thevirtual store that product A may be out-of-stock, that product B isin-stock, that product C is out-of-stock, and that product D isin-stock. The virtual store may show these results based on thepredicted inventory of these products within an hour from the timecustomer 4004 is making the VIP order. Consistent with this embodiment,the virtual store may receive a selection of service types from customer4004 and present the predicted inventory of the products based on theselected service.

In some embodiments, step 4020 may include determining probabilitiesthat the quantity of the at least one product type during the secondtime period will be a certain amount or within a certain range ofamounts, as described above. For example, the system may provide, e.g.,to the virtual store a distribution of predicted quantities of the atleast one product type during the second time period. In someembodiments, the virtual store may show an indicator based on theprobabilities or the distribution of predicted quantities provided bystep 4020. For example, the indicator may comprise a function of thedistribution, such as mean, median, standard deviation, variance,coefficient of variation, coefficient of dispersion, Fano factor, anyfunction of the above. In another example, the distribution may be aFisher's noncentral hypergeometric distribution, and the indicator maycomprise a parameter of the Fisher's noncentral hypergeometricdistribution (such as the odds ratio).

FIG. 41 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a memory 4100 containingsoftware modules consistent with the present disclosure. In particular,as shown, memory 4100 may include a retail store communication module4102, a current inventory determination module 4104, a predictedinventory determination module 4106, a virtual store communicationmodule 4108, an employee guiding module 4110, a database access module4112, and a database 4114. Modules 4102, 4104, 4106, 4108, 4110, and4112 may contain software instructions for execution by at least oneprocessor (e.g., processing device 202), included with image processingunit 130. Retail store communication module 4102, current inventorydetermination module 4104, predicted inventory determination module4106, virtual store communication module 4108, employee guiding module4110, database access module 4112, and database 4114 may cooperate toperform multiple operations. For example, retail store communicationmodule 4102 may receive image data 4000 from a plurality of imagecapturing devices 125, current inventory determination module 4104 mayuse the received image data 4000 to determine the current inventory ofat least one product, predicted inventory determination module 4106 mayuse information (e.g., product supply information 4002) stored indatabase 4114 to determine the turnover rate of the at least oneproduct, virtual store communication module 4108 may provide informationto virtual store 4116 regarding the predicted inventory of the at leastone product type, and employee guiding module 4110 may generate a pathfor employee 4006 for collecting the products listed in the onlineorder.

In some embodiments, memory 4100 may be included in, for example, memory226. Alternatively, memory 4100 may be stored in an external database oran external storage communicatively coupled with server 135, such as oneor more databases or memories accessible over network 150. Further, inother embodiments, the components of memory 4100 may be distributed inmore than one server and more than one memory device.

In some embodiments, retail store communication module 4102 may receiveinformation associated with retail store 105. For example, retail storecommunication module 4102 may receive image data 4000 and/or informationderived by analyzing image data 4000 from a plurality of image sensorsassociated with retail store 105, receive product supply information4002 associated with at least one product type in retail store 105, andreceive data from one or more additional sensors configured to detect anumber of products placed on a store shelf. In one embodiment, retailstore communication module 4102 may receive product supply information4002 from a memory device associated with a retail store. For example,the memory device may be associated with central communication device630 located in retail store 105. In another embodiment, retail storecommunication module 4102 may receive product supply information 4002from at least one memory device associated with multiple retail stores105. For example, the at least one memory device may be associated withmarket research entity 110 or supplier 115. Retail store communicationmodule 4102 may collect the information from the different entities anduse database access module 4112 to store at least some of the receivedinformation in database 4114.

In some embodiments, current inventory determination module 4104 mayprocess the information collected by retail store communication module4102. In one embodiment, the current inventory determination module 4104may estimate the current inventory of at least one product type solelybased on image data received from capturing device 125. In anotherembodiment, the current inventory determination module 4104 may estimatethe current inventory of at least one product type using a combinationof image data and data from one or more additional sensors configured todetect a number of products placed on a store shelf (e.g., pressuresensitive pads, light detectors configured to be placed on shelves,etc.). For example, the current inventory determination module 4104 mayanalyze the data received from the detection elements attached to storeshelves as described above, alone or in combination with images capturedfrom the retail store, to estimate current inventory of the at least oneproduct type. In some cases, determining the current inventory of atleast one product type may require aggregating data from two or morelocations in retail store 105. For example, in one embodiment, currentinventory determination module 4104 may monitor the inventory of atleast one product type displayed on a first shelving unit and on asecond shelving unit. The processing device may predict the currentinventory of at least one product type in the retail store based onaggregated data from the first shelving unit and the second shelvingunit. For example, the first shelving unit may be located in a specificaisle and the second shelving unit may be located in a display next tothe cashier.

In some embodiments, predicted inventory determination module 4106 maydetermine a predicted inventory of the at least one product type at afuture time. Consistent with some embodiments of the disclosure,predicted inventory determination module 4106 may determine thepredicted inventory before customer 4004 makes her order (i.e., thedetermination is made before the first time period). In one embodiment,predicted inventory determination module 4106 may determine thepredicted inventory at different times (i.e., a plurality of second timeperiods) to match the time period customer 4004 makes her order (i.e.,the first time period). In another embodiment, predicted inventorydetermination module 4106 may determine that an online order of customer4004 from virtual store 4116 made during a first time period will befulfilled by employee 4006 of retail store 105 during a second timeperiod. In some cases, the first and the second time periods mayoverlap. In other cases, the first and the second time periods may notoverlap. For example, the second time period may be at least 15 minutesafter the first time period, the second time period may be at least 45minutes after the first time period, the second time period may be atleast 1.5 hours after the first time period, the second time period maybe at least 3 hours after the first time period, the second time periodmay be less than 5 hours after the first time period, the second timeperiod may be less than 2 hours after the first time period, the secondtime period may be between 5 minutes to 150 minutes after the first timeperiod. Additionally, in one embodiment, predicted inventorydetermination module 4106 may use product supply information 4002 fromretail store 105 to determine at least one rate of product turnover, andto determine the predicted inventory for different products in retailstore 105 using the at least one rate of product turnover. In anotherembodiment, predicted inventory determination module 4106 may use aregression model on data obtained from multiple retail stores 105 todetermine the predicted inventory. Predicted inventory determinationmodule 4106 may also calculate a confidence level associated with thepredicted inventory and may initiate a first automated action (e.g.,updating virtual store 4116, adjust a price, etc.) when the confidencelevel is above a threshold. Predicted inventory determination module4106 may also initiate a second automated action (e.g., sending a storeemployee to investigate, initiate additional data capturing, etc.) whenthe confidence level is below a threshold.

In other embodiments, predicted inventory determination module 4106 maydetermine a predicted quality of a product type at a third time periodwhen the products of the online order are estimated to be delivered tocustomer 4004 (or at a second time period when the certain product isestimated to be collected from retail store 105). For example, predictedinventory determination module 4106 may obtain product qualityinformation associated with the product type and may determine thequality of the product type during the third time period (or at thesecond time period) based on the product quality information, forexample using a regression model on the product quality information (andpossibly additional inputs described below) to predict the quality ofthe product type during the third time period (or at the second timeperiod). In one embodiment, the product quality information may bedetermined by analyzing image data 4000 (e.g., via image analysistechniques allowing for an assessment of product freshness, currentstatus, etc.). In another embodiment, the product quality informationmay be determined from at least one of: textual information derived fromimage data 4000, visual appearance of products from the at least oneproduct type, a duration of products from the product type on a shelf,turnover of products from the product type on the shelf, and storagerequirements associated with the at least one product type. In someembodiments, image analysis techniques (such as artificial neuralnetworks, convolutional neural networks, machine learning models, imageregression models, etc.) may be used on image data 4000 to predict thequality of the product type during the third time period (or at thesecond time period). Consistent with the present disclosure, predictedinventory determination module 4106 may initiate at least one actionwhen the predicted quality of the at least one product is below athreshold. In one example, when the predicted quality of the producttype is below the threshold, the at least one processor may preventvirtual store 4116 from selling the at least one product type. Inanother example, when the predicted quality of the product type is belowthe threshold, the at least one processor may cause virtual store 4116to adjust a price of the product type based on the predicted quality. Inanother example, when the predicted quality of the product type is belowthe threshold, the at least one processor may cause virtual store 4116to present a quality indicator when offering the at least one producttype. FIGS. 42A and 42B include user interfaces of virtual store 4116that illustrate the different scenarios.

In some embodiments, virtual store communication module 4108 maycommunicate with virtual store 4116. Consistent with the presentdisclosure, virtual store communication module 4108 may receive queriesfrom virtual store 4116 about specific products and/or a predictedinventory at specific times. Virtual store communication module 4108 mayalso provide information to virtual store 4116 about the inventory ofretail store 105 and the quality of products in retail store 105. Forexample, virtual store communication module 4108 may provide informationto virtual store 4116 regarding the predicted inventory of the at leastone product type during the second time period. The provided informationmay enable virtual store 4116 to present during the first time period aninventory indicator and/or a quality indicator for the at least oneproduct to customer 4004. In one embodiment, virtual store communicationmodule 4108 may provide information to virtual store 4116 indicative ofthe predicted quality of the certain product type at a third time periodwhen the certain product is estimated to be delivered to customer 4004(or at a second time period when the certain product is estimated to becollected from retail store 105). In another embodiment, virtual storecommunication module 4108 may provide information to virtual store 4116indicative of the inventory of the certain product type at a second timeperiod when the certain product is estimated to be collected by employee4006. In one example, when predicted inventory determination module 4106determines that a certain product type will be available during thesecond time period, virtual store communication module 4108 may provideinformation to virtual store 4116 indicating that the at least oneproduct type can be offered for sale. In another example, when predictedinventory determination module 4106 determines that a certain producttype will be out of stock during the second time period, virtual storecommunication module 4108 may provide information to virtual store 4116indicating that the at least one product type cannot be offered forsale. In one embodiment, in case predicted inventory determinationmodule 4106 determines that a certain product type will be out of stockduring the second time period, virtual store communication module 4108may provide information to virtual store 4116 that includes anestimation indicating an expected time when the certain product typewill be available for online orders.

In some embodiments, employee guiding module 4110 may receive the onlineorder and generate a recommended path for collecting the items in theonline order. In one embodiment, the recommended path may be provided toemployee 4006, for example, as a series of navigation instructions, as aseries of directions to move (for example, in a form of an arrow, in aform of an audible navigation guidance, in a form of a textualnavigation guidance, etc.), as a visual indication displayed in anaugmented reality system (for example, directing the store employee to aparticular shelf or location identifying the product to pick up forinclusion in the online order), and so forth. Consistent with thepresent disclosure, the path for collecting the items in the onlineorder may be based on image data indicative of the current inventory inretail store 105. For example, when products from the at least oneproduct type are normally included on a first and a second shelvingunit, the at least one processor may guide the employee to the secondshelving unit when the at least one product type is predicted to be (oris currently) out-of-stock on the first shelving unit. Additionally, theat least one processor may guide the employee to the second shelvingunit when the quality of products from the at least one product type ispredicted to be (or is currently) better than the quality of productsfound on the first shelving unit.

In some embodiments, database access module 4112 may cooperate withdatabase 4114 to retrieve product supply information. In someembodiments, database 4114 may include separate databases, including,for example, a vector database, raster database, tile database, viewportdatabase, and/or a user input database, configured to store data. Thedata stored in database 4114 may be received from modules 4102-4112,server 135, from any communication device associated with retail stores105, market research entity 110, suppliers 115, and users 120. Moreover,the data stored in database 4114 may be provided as input using dataentry, data transfer, or data uploading. In one embodiment, the datastored in database 4114 may include product supply information, forexample, a schedule of arrivals of additional products, inventoryrecords, checkout data, calendar data, and historical product turnoverdata.

Modules 4102-4112 may be implemented in software, hardware, firmware, amix of any of those, or the like. For example, if the modules areimplemented in software, the modules may be stored in a server (e.g.,server 135) or distributed over a plurality of servers. In someembodiments, any one or more of modules 4102-4112 and data associatedwith database 4114 may be stored in database 140 and/or located onserver 135, which may include one or more processing devices. Processingdevices of server 135 may be configured to execute the instructions ofmodules 4102-4112. In some embodiments, aspects of modules 4102-4112 mayinclude software, hardware, or firmware instructions (or a combinationthereof) executable by one or more processors, alone, or in variouscombinations with each other. For example, modules 4102-4112 may beconfigured to interact with each other and/or other modules of server135 to perform functions consistent with disclosed embodiments.

FIG. 42A depicts a flowchart of an example process 4200 executed by aprocessing device of system 100 (e.g., processing device 202) forproviding information to virtual store 4116. The provided informationmay relate to the predicted inventory of at least one product typeduring a second time period, such that virtual store 4116 can present tocustomer 4004 (during a first time period) an inventory indicator forthe at least one product type. FIG. 42A also includes an example GUI4220 showing different examples of inventory indicators (e.g., firstinventory indicator 4222, second inventory indicator 4224, thirdinventory indicator 4226, and fourth inventory indicator 4228) thatvirtual store 4116 may output in response to the provided information.

Example process 4200 begins when the processing device receives imagedata 4000 from a plurality of image sensors mounted in a retail store(block 4202). Thereafter, the processing device may analyze image data4000 to estimate a current inventory of a product type in retail store105 (block 4204) and determine if the product type is available in thecurrent inventory (decision block 4206). When the product type iscurrently in-stock, the processing device may determine if the producttype is predicted to be available during a second time period in whichemployee 4006 expects to collect the items in the online order ofcustomer 4004 (decision block 4208). When the product type is currentlyavailable and also is expected to be available during the second timeperiod, the processing device may provide virtual store 4116 informationthat may cause virtual store 4116 to issue a first inventory indicator4222 (block 4212). When the product type is currently available butexpected to be out-of-stock during the second time period, theprocessing device may provide virtual store 4116 information that maycause virtual store 4116 to issue a second inventory indicator 4224(block 4214). When the product type is currently out-of-stock, theprocessing device may still determine if the product type is predictedto be available during the second time period (decision block 4210).When the product type is currently out-of-stock but expected to beavailable during the second time period, the processing device mayprovide virtual store 4116 information that may cause virtual store 4116to issue a third inventory indicator 4226 (block 4216). When the producttype is currently out-of-stock and expected to remain out-of-stockduring the second time period, the processing device may provide virtualstore 4116 information that may cause virtual store 4116 to issue afourth inventory indicator 4228 (block 4218).

GUI 4220 may be similar to GUI 1150 illustrated in FIG. 11E. It also mayinclude first display area 1152 for showing the near real-time displayand second display area 1154 for showing a product list includingproduct types identified in the near real-time display. In theillustrated example, customer 4004 is virtually located at the producesection of retail store 105. Consistent with the present disclosure,virtual store 4116 may present one or more inventory indicators based oninformation received from a processing device of system 100 (e.g.,processing device 202). The term “inventory indicator” means a displayeditem or representation of information about the availability of productsin retail store 105. The inventory indicator may include, for example,text, icons, graphics, or a combination thereof. In one embodiment, theinventory indicator may be overlaid on the acquired image data or inproximity to an identifier of the product (e.g., text, an image, anicon, etc.). In some embodiments, the inventory indicators in firstdisplay area 1152 may be partially transparent to avoid obscuring areasof interest in image data 4000. Further, the inventory indicators mayinclude an indication that more information may be available uponinteraction with GUI 4220, for example, using a clickable link.

As shown, first inventory indicator 4222 may include a text stating“Available” in second display area 1154 and a check mark in firstdisplay area 1152. Second inventory indicator 4224 may include a textstating “Available in the VIP service” in second display area 1154 and ahalf check mark in first display area 1152. Third inventory indicator4226 may include text stating “Scheduled to arrive soon” in seconddisplay area 1154 and a check mark in first display area 1152. Fourthinventory indicator 4228 may include text stating “Will be availabletomorrow” in second display area 1154 and an X mark in first displayarea 1152. Consistent with the present disclosure, the processing devicemay estimate, based on product supply information 4002, when the atleast one product type will be available for online orders and provideinformation to virtual store 4116 such that virtual store 4116 canpresent an estimation when the at least one product type will beavailable for online orders (for example, fourth inventory indicator4228).

Consistent with the present disclosure, the received image data may beanalyzed to identify the condition and quality of fresh products, andthe identified condition and quality may be used to provide informationto a user. In some examples, the identified condition may include aspoiled condition. In some embodiments, image data 4000 may be analyzedto determine the duration that the fresh products stay on the storeshelf In some cases, a time threshold may be selected (for example,based on a type of the fresh product, the condition of the freshproduct, etc.), and a notification may be provided to virtual store 4116when the fresh products stay on the shelf for a duration longer than theselected time threshold. In some cases, statistics about the durationthat the products stay on the store shelf may be generated and providedto an employee of the retail store (e.g., employee 4006) or to an onlinecustomer of a virtual store (e.g., customer 4004). In one embodiment,image data 4000 may be analyzed to determine a quantity associated withcustomers returning fresh products to the pile or product grouping(e.g., after picking the fresh products from the pile). In thisembodiment, the ratio of products returned to the pile of the productspicked may be determined to estimate the quality of the at least oneproduct. The ratio of products returned to the pile or product groupingmay be determined, based on a type of product, shelf, time of day,condition of the fresh products, and so forth. In yet another example,the number of products returned to the pile or product grouping may becalculated for selected time duration. In some examples, a notification(e.g., a quality indicator) may be provided to employee 4006 or customer4004 when the number and/or ratio of products returned to the pile orproduct grouping exceed a selected threshold. For example, thenotification to a store employee may include a suggestion to remove someof the fresh products that are of poor condition from the pile.

FIG. 42B depicts a flowchart of an example process 4250 executed by aprocessing device of system 100 (e.g., processing device 202) forproviding information to virtual store 4116 regarding the quality of atleast one product type, such that virtual store 4116 can presentcustomer 4004 a quality indicator for the at least one product typeduring the first time period. FIG. 42B also includes an example GUI 4270showing examples of quality indicators (e.g., first quality indicator4272, second quality indicator 4274, third quality indicator 4276, andfourth quality indicator 4278) that virtual store 4116 may output inresponse to the received information.

Example process 4250 begins when the processing device obtains productquality information associated with the at least one product type (block4252). Thereafter, the processing device may determine the quality ofproducts from the at least one product type based on the product qualityinformation (block 4254). Consistent with the present disclosure, theproduct quality information may be determined by analyzing image data4000. For example, the product quality information may be determinedfrom at least one of: textual information derived from image data 4000,visual appearance of products from the at least one product type, aduration of products from the at least one product type on a shelf,turnover of products from the at least one product type on the shelf,and storage requirements associated with the at least one product type.In one embodiment, the determined quality of products from the at leastone product type reflects the current quality of products from the atleast one product type. In another embodiment, the determined quality ofthe at least one product type reflects the predicted quality of productsfrom the at least one product at the third time period when the productsof the online order are estimated to be delivered to customer 4004. Inone example, the third period of time may correspond to or be the sameas the second period of time (e.g., such as in the case of picking upthe online order directly from retail store 105).

Example process 4250 continues when the processing device determines ifthe quality of products from the at least one product type is below athreshold (decision block 4256). For example, the determination mayinclude whether the average quality of products from the at least oneproduct type is below the threshold. When the quality of products fromthe at least one product type is above a threshold, processing devicemay initiate an action of providing information to virtual store 4116regarding the quality of products from at least one product type (block4258). The provided information may allow virtual store 4116 to presentcustomer 4004 a first quality indicator 4272 informing that productsfrom the at least one product type are of a high quality, fresh quality,etc. If the quality of products from the at least one product is below athreshold, processing device may initiate one of several actions. In oneembodiment, processing device may initiate an action of causing virtualstore to 4116 to adjust a price of the at least one product type (block4260). For example, processing device may provide information to virtualstore 4116 regarding the quality of at least one product type such thatvirtual store 4116 can present customer 4004 a second quality indicator4274 indicative of price adjustment due to the quality of products fromat least one product type. In another embodiment, processing device mayinitiate an action to prevent virtual store 4116 from selling the atleast one product type (block 4262). For example, processing device mayprovide information to virtual store 4116 regarding the quality of atleast one product type such that virtual store 4116 can present customer4004 a third quality indicator 4276 indicating that the at least oneproduct type is unavailable due to low quality of at least one producttype. In another embodiment, processing device may initiate an action ofinforming customer 4004 about the actual condition of products from theat least one product type (block 4264). For example, processing devicemay provide image data of the at least one product type to virtual store4116 such that virtual store 4116 can present customer 4004 a fourthquality indicator 4278 when offering the at least one product type.Fourth quality indicator 4278 may be a near real-time image of the atleast one product type.

GUI 4270 is another GUI example of virtual store 4116. GUI 4270 showstwo lines of product types. The first line includes product types andtheir associated inventory indicators as discussed above with referenceto FIG. 42A. The second line includes additional product types and theirassociated quality indicators. The term “quality indicator” means adisplayed item or representation of information about the quality ofproducts in retail store 105. Consistent with the present disclosure,when the predicted quality of products from the at least one producttype is below the threshold, the processing device may use the estimatedcurrent inventory of retail store 105 to select at least one alternativeproduct. Thereafter, the processing device may cause virtual store 4116to present information about the selected at least one alternativeproduct in proximity to a descriptor of the at least one product type.In one embodiment, the processing device may obtain product qualityinformation associated with a plurality of alternative products and usethe product quality information associated with the plurality ofalternative products to select the at least one alternative product ofthe plurality of alternative products. An example of the presentation ofthe at least one alternative product is shown in next to third qualityindicator 4276. In one embodiment, the product quality informationassociated with the plurality of alternative products may be determinedby analyzing image data 4000. In addition, the product qualityinformation may be used to determine a predicted quality of theplurality of alternative products at a third time period when theproducts of the online order are estimated be delivered to customer4004.

In one embodiment, a method and system are disclosed for identifyingproducts and monitoring planogram compliance using analysis of imagedata is provided. As used in the present disclosure, the term“planogram” may refer to any kind of specified diagram, model, or visualrepresentation of a store's products on a display or shelving unit. Inmany situations, it may be desirable for a retail store to track orotherwise monitor its product placement as compared to one or moreplanograms in order to track planogram compliance. There may also be aninterest in determining and tracking effects of planogram compliance ornon-compliance on product sales. By analyzing various characteristics ofplanogram compliance, described in greater detail below, and comparingplanogram compliance characteristics to checkout data (e.g., productsales data at one or more retail stores), the systems and methodsdescribed herein may estimate the impact of planogram compliance. Thesystems and methods may also identify actions that can be taken relativeto planogram compliance to potentially improve sales.

Planogram compliance may be desirable for many reasons. In some cases,for example, a chain of retail stores may desire to have consistentproduct placement across a variety of stores and geographic locations inorder to maintain a consistent look and feel of the retail space. Such aconsistent look and feel may be affected by planogram compliance. Insome cases, planograms represent contractual obligations of the retailstore or the retail chain (for example, to suppliers 115), andnon-compliance may represent a breach of the contractual obligations.Additionally, some planograms may be developed based on indicatorssuggesting such planograms may be more effective at promoting salesrelative to other planograms or products arrangements. In such cases,planogram compliance may take advantage of the sales benefits thedesigned planogram is intended to have. On the other hand,non-compliance with such planograms may disrupt the intended salesbenefits of the designed planogram.

In some cases, two or more different planograms may be compared and/oranalyzed to determine or estimate their effects on product sales. Forexample, different planogram configurations for a common product may beevaluated at different locations with a retail store or at differentretail stores to determine which configurations may bolster salesvolume. Additionally or alternatively, product location may be evaluatedseparate from planogram variation. For example, similar planograms maybe evaluated at different locations within a store or at differentlocations in different stores in order to determine which locations maybolster sales volume. The provided systems and methods described maycompare planogram compliance across one or more retail stores.

Additionally, the systems and methods may monitor planogram complianceand take one or more actions in response to product displays determinedto be out of compliance with relevant planograms. For example, thedisclosed system may track when a planogram at a retail store goes outof compliance and may provide alerts and recommendations to a storeadministrator or employee of the store to correct the non-compliantproduct placement.

The disclosed system may access at least one planogram (e.g., in adatabase stored in a memory, whether locally saved or available via anetwork connection, etc.) describing a desired placement of a pluralityof product types on shelves of a plurality of retail stores. As shown inFIG. 43, which provides a diagrammatic representation of aplanogram-based product arrangement system useful in comparing planogramcompliance to checkout data across multiple retail locations, aplanogram 4301 describing desired placement of a plurality of productson a shelf may be provided. Planogram 4301 may specify productplacement/arrangement for a plurality of different products (e.g., wheredifferent products are provided by a common manufacturer or supplier) ormay specify product placement/arrangement for a single product.Planogram 4301 may also specify a placement/arrangement of one or moreproducts relative to one or more different products. For example,planogram 4301 may specify which products are to appear at eye level,which product is to appear on a higher shelf relative to one or moreother products, which product is to be located nearer to an end of ashelf as compared to one or more other products, minimal quantity ofproducts of a selected product type to be on a shelf at selected timesor at all times, minimal number of facings of a selected product type atselected times or at all times, spacing (amount of space betweenproducts) of products of a selected product type, etc. Planogram 4301may depict and describe a desired product placement location for certainretail stores, such as retail stores 4303A, 4303B, and 4303C.

In operation, the system may receive image data 4305A, 4305B, and 4305Cfrom the plurality of retail stores 4303A, 4303B, and 4303C, and mayanalyze the image data 4305A, 4305B, and 4305C to determine an actualplacement of a plurality of product types on shelves of the plurality ofretail stores 4303A, 4303B, and 4303C. At least one processor mayanalyze the captured images showing actual product placement at thevarious retail stores (as described above) and may compare the actualproduct placements to one or more planograms to determine planogramcompliance. For example, the at least one processor may compareplanogram 4301 to actual product placements as represented by thecaptured image data 4305A, 4305B, and 4305C from retail stores 4303A,4303B, and 4303C, respectively.

The at least one processor may determine at least one characteristic ofplanogram compliance based on detected differences between the at leastone planogram 4301 and the actual placement of the plurality of producttypes on the shelves of the plurality of retail stores 4303A, 4303B, and4303C. Any suitable characteristic of planogram compliance may beemployed to determine a degree of compliance. Such characteristics orplanogram compliance subfactors may include, for example, a total numberof products, a number of products of certain product types, productpacking density, product rotational orientation, product facing, productalignment, product stacking arrangement, product shelf location,location of a product within a particular retail environment (e.g., nearthe front of a store or back of a store, etc.), store aisle number,height of a shelf from a store floor, or any other characteristic.Planogram compliance may be determined as a binary quantity (e.g., incompliance or not in compliance) or may be quantified in terms of degreeof compliance (e.g., as a percentage of satisfied elements of an idealplanogram, an amount of time of compliance versus an amount of time ofnon-compliance with respect to the entire planogram or with respect toone or more sub-factors, a calculated compliance factor, a compliancequality score, etc.). A degree of compliance may be determined based ona set of products compared to a planogram as a whole. Alternatively,planogram compliance may be determined and/or expressed relative to anyone or more relevant planogram compliance subfactors (e.g., as listedabove).

Planogram compliance metrics may be correlated with sales data todetermine an effect of planogram compliance on sales or to identifypotential product placement recommendations for potentially increasingsales. For example, after automatically determining or quantifyingplanogram compliance of one or more products, the system may receivecheckout data 4307A, 4307B, and 4307C from a plurality of retail stores4303A, 4303B, and 4303C reflecting sales of at least one product typefrom a plurality of product types. Based on the determined at least onecharacteristic of planogram compliance and based on the receivedcheckout data 4307A, 4307B, and 4307C, the system may estimate an impactof the at least one characteristic of planogram compliance on the salesof at least one product type. As example, the system may determine byanalyzing the image data 4305A, and comparing the image data toplanogram 4301, whether retail store 4303A is out of compliance with aplanogram 4301 specifying a product arrangement for 16 oz bottles ofCoca Cola Zero and, if so, a degree of compliance with the planogram.Additionally, if a store is determined to be out of compliance withrespect to a particular planogram, the at least one processor maydetermine and store the specific aspects of non-compliance (e.g., a lackof a specified number of product units on a shelf or display, anon-compliant product density, etc.). The system may then analyzecheckout data 4307A from retail store 4303A to determine the impact ofthe detected non-compliance. Such an impact may be determined, forexample, by comparing checkout data 4307A from retail store 4303A tocheckout data 4307B from retail store 4303B, where retail store 4303B isin compliance with planogram 4301 or where retail store 4303B is morecompliant with planogram 4301 than store 4303A. In some cases (e.g.,where there may be a single aspect of non-compliance with a planogram ora small number of non-compliant aspects), the at least one processor maycorrelate the non-compliant aspects with sales information to determinea potential impact on sales of one or more particular non-complianceaspects.

Based on the estimated impact of planogram non-compliance (e.g., as awhole or relative to any particular characteristic of planogramnon-compliance), the at least one processor of the system may identifyan action, associated with the at least one characteristic of planogramcompliance, for potentially increasing future sales of the at least oneproduct type. For example, the system may determine that retail store4303A is out of compliance relative to a planogram for 32 oz Panteneshampoo because the Pantene product display includes one or more bottlesrotated such that their labels are at least partially obscured. Thesystem may further determine that this non-compliance has negativelyimpacted sales of Pantene at store 4303A. Or, the system may alreadyunderstand (e.g., based on previously correlated aspects ofnon-compliance with negative sale impacts) that the detectednon-compliant display of Pantene shampoo is likely reducing sales ofPantene at store 4303A. In either case, the at least one processor mayrecommend an action to correct the product placement. For example, theprocessor may generate a recommendation that the Pantene bottles bealigned such that their labels face outward according to a relevantplanogram. The generated recommendation may be automatically forwardedto retail store 4303A such that store employees can rearrange theproducts detected to be not in compliance with relevant planograms. Forexample, the generated recommendations may be provided in a similar wayto what described above in relation to FIGS. 33-35.

In addition to providing the non-compliance information and/or productarrangement recommendations to an affected retail store, the at leastone processor of the system may also provide the non-complianceinformation and/or the recommended actions to one or more other types ofentity. In some embodiments, such entities may include a manufacturer orsupplier of at least one product determined to be non-compliant with arelevant planogram. The information provided to such manufacturers orsuppliers may include a recommendation for execution of at least oneproduct rearrangement action in at least one retail store. In othercases, the system may provide alerts and product rearrangementrecommendations to a manager of a retail store selling the at least onenon-compliant product. Such alerts or recommendations may include anysuitable format for conveying the non-compliance information to aparticular entity. In some cases, the provided information may includeat least one of: an image depicting an example of product/planogramnon-compliance, a video depicting an example of product-planogramnon-compliance, details relating to an employee determined to asresponsible for the product-planogram non-compliance, details of aretail store associated with the planogram non-compliance, locationwithin a retail store associated with the planogram non-compliance, etc.

In addition to the planogram compliance factors described above, whichthe at least one processor may analyze in determining planogramcompliance for a particular product, various other characteristics ofplanogram compliance that may be considered may include at least one of:product facing (e.g., the outward appearance and neatness of productplacement on a shelf), product placement (e.g., the actual placement andorganization of products on a shelf), planogram compatibility (e.g., acomparison of the image data to the planogram), price correlation (e.g.,the prices of the various products on the shelf), promotion execution(e.g., whether a product is on sale), product homogeneity (e.g., whethernon-homogenous products are present on the shelf), restocking rate(e.g., how quickly product turnover and restocking occurs), planogramcompliance of adjacent products (e.g., whether other products adjacentto the target product are in compliance with a separate planogram), etc.

In embodiments where the characteristic of planogram compliance isproduct facing, the at least one processor of the system may determineat least one value indicative of product facing compliance for the atleast one product type. The at least one value of product facingcompliance may be determined through image analysis and may beassociated with a number of products of the at least one product typedetermined to be positioned differently than the desired placementdescribed in at least one planogram. For example, as shown in FIG. 44,by comparing the planogram 4401 to image data 4403 (which may becollected from a retail store), the at least one processor may determinethat the product placement in image data 4403 is not in compliance withplanogram 4401. In further embodiments, the method may identify a retailstore where the at least one value indicative of product facingcompliance of the at least one product type is lower than a compliancethreshold and the sales of the at least one product type are lower thana sales threshold.

A compliance threshold and a sales threshold may be determined invarious ways. For example, a compliance threshold may correspond to acertain number of products (or percentage of products) misplacedrelative to a particular planogram, such as planogram 4401. Similarly, asales threshold may correspond to a certain volume of sales expected fora particular product associated with a planogram over a certain timeperiod (e.g., daily, weekly, monthly). In some cases, the compliancethreshold and sales threshold may be determined based on aggregatedinformation across a plurality of retail stores. For example, thecompliance threshold may be determined or set based on a function ofvalues (e.g., an average of multiple values, weighted averaged, etc.)indicative of a certain aspect of planogram compliance (e.g., productfacing compliance, etc.) of the at least one product type across aplurality of retail stores. Similarly, the sales threshold may be basedon a function of the sales (e.g., average sales etc.) of the at leastone product type across the plurality of retail stores. In otherembodiments, the compliance threshold may be based on a contractualagreement of a retail store (e.g., that the products must be displayedsuch that a minimum compliance threshold (either overall or relative toany one or more planogram compliance aspects) is maintained), and thesales threshold may be based on marketing goals associated with the atleast one product type (e.g., that a certain number of products shown inplanogram 4401 must be sold, for example during selected time durations,to meet the sales threshold).

In another example, the characteristic of planogram compliance may beproduct placement. In such cases, the at least one processor maydetermine at least one value indicative of product placement compliancefor the at least one product. The at least one value indicative ofproduct placement compliance may be automatically determined by theprocessor through image analysis and may be associated with a number ofproducts of the at least one product type determined to be placeddifferently than the desired placement described in the at least oneplanogram. For example, the system may determine that 8 instances of aproduct 4405 are placed incorrectly relative to planogram 4401.

In another example, the characteristic of planogram compliance mayinclude planogram compatibility. In such cases, the at least oneprocessor may determine at least one value indicative of planogramcompatibility compliance for the at least one product type, where the atleast one value indicative of planogram compatibility compliance may beautomatically determined by the processor through image analysis and maybe associated with a structural difference between a shelf size in theat least one planogram and physical dimensions of a shelf associatedwith the at least one product type. For example, the system maydetermine from image data 4407 that a different type and size ofshelving unit is being used in a retail store as compared to planogram4401.

In another example, the characteristic of planogram compliance mayinclude price correlation. In such cases, the at least one processor maydetermine at least one value indicative of price correlation compliancefor the at least one product type. The at least one value indicative ofprice correlation compliance may be automatically determined by theprocessor through image analysis and may be associated with a differencebetween a displayed price for the at least one product type and a priceidentified in the at least one planogram. For example, the system maydetermine from image data 4403 that product 4405 has a differentdisplayed price than what is specified for that product in planogram4401.

In another example, the characteristic of planogram compliance mayinclude promotion execution. In such cases, the at least one processormay further determine at least one value indicative of promotionexecution compliance for the at least one product type. The at least onevalue indicative of promotion execution compliance may be automaticallydetermined by the processor through image analysis and may be associatedwith promotions for the at least one product type other than a promotionplan included in the at least one planogram. For example, the system maydetermine from image data 4403 that product 4405 should have a saleprice, or that the entire shelving unit should have a “SALE” sign placedon it, or that a certain number of promotional indicators are requiredby comparing to planogram 4401. Non-compliance may be determined basedon a number of promotional items included or excluded relative to arelevant planogram, based on the ratio of items included or excluded,based on the accuracy of the items, and so forth.

In another example, the characteristic of planogram compliance mayinclude product homogeneity. The at least one processor may determine atleast one value indicative of product homogeneity compliance for the atleast one product type. The at least one value indicative of producthomogeneity compliance may be automatically determined by the processorthrough image analysis and may be associated with a number of productsother than the at least one product type found in at least one shelfassociated with the at least one product type. For example, as shown inimage data 4409, misplaced products 4411, which are not homogenous withthe other products placed on a shelf, may be, advertently orinadvertently, placed on a shelf where they do not belong. Due to thepresence of misplaced products 4411 in image data 4409, the system mayidentify image data 4409 as including one or more product displays outof compliance with planogram 4401. The degree of non-compliance maydepend on the number of misplaced products detected, the ratio ofmisplaced products, and so forth. In some examples, the distribution ofproduct types of products placed on a selected area of a shelf may beestimated, for example, based on products identified by analyzing one ormore images depicting the products placed on the selected area of theshelf. For example, the estimated distributions may include one or morehistograms. Some other examples of the estimated distribution mayinclude a normal distribution, Fisher's noncentral hypergeometricdistribution, Wallenius' noncentral hypergeometric distribution, Poissondistribution, and so forth. In some examples, such probabilities and/ordistributions may be estimated using a machine learning model (such asregression models, density estimation models, etc.) trained usingtraining examples to estimate the distribution from the inputs describedabove and/or from images depicting the products, using an artificialneural network configured to estimate the distribution from the inputsdescribed above and/or from images depicting the products, and so forth.Further, the at least one value indicative of product homogeneitycompliance may include a function of the distribution, such as mean,median, mode, standard deviation, variance, coefficient of variation,coefficient of dispersion, Fano factor, any function of the above, andso forth. In another example, the distribution may be a Fisher'snoncentral hypergeometric distribution, and the at least one valueindicative of product homogeneity compliance may be a function of aparameter of the Fisher's noncentral hypergeometric distribution (suchas the odds ratio).

In some cases, the characteristic of planogram compliance evaluated mayinclude a restocking rate. In such cases, the at least one processor maydetermine at least one value indicative of restocking rate compliancefor the at least one product type. The at least one value indicative ofrestocking rate compliance may be automatically determined by theprocessor through image analysis (e.g., through analysis of a stream ofimages enabling a determination of a number of products added to a shelflocation over a particular time period). The at least one valueindicative of a restocking rate may also be associated with a detectedproduct vacancy level and how that vacancy level is changing over aperiod of time, which may reflect a restocking rate of at least oneshelf associated with the at least one product type. For example, the atleast one processor may continually monitor image data 4403 in real timeto determine the rate of product turnover for a product type on a shelfand the restocking rate of the product (i.e., how quickly the soldproduct is replaced on a shelf).

Product-planogram compliance may be based not only on a certain producttype in isolation, but may also be based on other product types (e.g.,adjacently located product types) in combination with a particularproduct type. For example, the at least one processor may determine acharacteristic of planogram compliance for a product type based on alevel of planogram compliance of products located adjacent to theproduct type in the at least one planogram. For example, as shown inFIG. 44, products adjacent to the single type of product (e.g., adjacentproducts 4413) may also be analyzed and compared with a planogram forcompliance. In some cases, a planogram may specify that a certainproduct type is to be located adjacent to one or more particular typesof specified products, which themselves may be governed by the same ordifferent planogram.

Other product-compliance metrics may also be determined. For example, insome embodiments, the at least one processor may determine acharacteristic of planogram compliance for at least one product typebased on a rate that the at least one planogram goes out of compliance.For example, by analyzing a series of captured images a product displaygoverned by a particular planogram may be monitored over time. As aresult, not only may the processor determine whether there existsproduct-planogram compliance (or a certain degree of product-planogramcompliance) at a particular time, but a rate of change ofproduct-planogram compliance may also be determined. For example, insome cases, through normal interaction of customers with a productdisplay, one or more aspects of the product display (e.g., productfacing, product placement, etc.) may be disrupted such that the productdisplay goes out of compliance with the relevant planogram. The rate atwhich the product display goes out of compliance may be determined bymonitoring the change in compliance (e.g., a degree of compliance ornon-compliance) over time, as represented by a plurality of capturedimages. Conversely, a rate that the at least one planogram returns tocompliance after having been out of compliance may also be determined bymonitoring a change in compliance (e.g., increasing compliance asproducts are rearranged, restocked, etc.) over a period of timerepresented by a plurality of captured images.

Planograms for a particular product may differ across retail stores, andthose differences may be taken into account when comparing complianceinformation to sales information. For example, in some embodiments, theat least one processor may access a plurality of planograms fordifferent retail stores and account for differences in the plurality ofplanograms when determining the characteristic of planogram compliancefor at least one retail store. In other words, a planogram for aparticular product may be specific to a particular retail store, andother retail stores may have different planograms for the same product.So that correlations between product-planogram compliance and sales datamay be meaningful, product-planogram compliance for a particular productmay be evaluated relative to a specific planogram for a specific retailstore. Then, the particular product-planogram compliance figures frommultiple retail stores may be aggregated, etc., as each of theproduct-planogram compliance figures may be normalized relative todifferences in planogram for the particular product at different retailstores.

Product-planogram compliance may be monitored or determined at anysuitable time interval. In some cases, product-planogram compliance maybe determined at predetermined intervals (e.g., monthly, weekly, daily,hourly, every 10 minutes, every 5 minutes, every 1 minute, every 10seconds, etc.). In some embodiments, the at least one processor mayreceive real-time image data from a plurality of image sensors fixedlymounted to store shelves and determine real-time (or nearly real-time)planogram compliance for at least one product type.

As noted above, product-planogram compliance may be determined based onmore than one planogram compliance characteristic. For example, indetermining product-planogram compliance, such compliance may beexpressed in terms of multiple product-planogram compliancecharacteristics simultaneously. Each product-planogram compliancecharacteristic may separately impact sales. Thus, in some embodiments,the at least one processor may determine a plurality of characteristicsof planogram compliance for the at least one product type. And based onanalysis of the checkout data, the one or more processor may determineor estimate an impact of each of the plurality of characteristics ofplanogram compliance on the sales of the at least one product type.Based on the determined or estimated impact, the at least one processormay further rank an importance to product sales of each of the pluralityof characteristics of planogram compliance for the at least one producttype. For example, the at least one processor may analyze and rank anyof the various characteristics of planogram compliance described above(e.g., product facing, product placement, planogram compatibility, pricecorrelation, promotion execution, product homogeneity, restocking rate,planogram compliance of adjacent products, etc.) relative to checkoutdata. For example, the system may determine that product placement has agreater impact on sales than product facing, or that promotion executionhas a greater impact that product homogeneity, and the like. In someembodiments, the provided information may include data for prioritizingactions associated with planogram compliance based on the ranking of theplurality of characteristics of planogram compliance for the at leastone product type. For example, the characteristics of planogramcompliance described herein may be ranked in a list in order ofimportance, and actions may be determined based on the ranking. Forexample, if the system determines that product placement has thegreatest impact on sales for a given retail store, the system maydetermine actions to enhance product placement in the retail store. Insuch embodiments, the actions associated with planogram compliance mayinclude at least two of: rearranging products to change product facing,rearranging products to change product placement, rearranging productsto change product homogeneity, rearranging products to change adjacentproducts compliance, changing restocking rate, changing promotionexecution, and changing price labels.

FIG. 45 is a flowchart representative of a method 4500, consistent withthe disclosed embodiments. Method 4500 may, for example, be executed bythe at least one processor configured to receive the sets of imagesdepicting a plurality of products associated with a single product type.Such a processor may be included, for example, in an image processingunit (e.g., image processing unit 130) or any other appropriatehardware. When executing method 4500, the at least one processor mayexecute instructions stored locally and/or accessed from a remotelocation, for example, via communications network 150.

In step 4501, the at least one processor may access at least oneplanogram describing a desired placement of a plurality of product typeson shelves of a plurality of retail stores.

In step 4503, the processor may receive image data from the plurality ofretail stores in order to perform the remaining steps of the method.Additionally or alternatively to step 4503, the processor may receivereadings from detection elements attached to store shelves in theplurality of retail stores, as described above in relation to FIGS. 8A,8B and 9.

In step 4505, the processor may analyze the image data to determine anactual placement of the plurality of product types on the shelves of theplurality of retail stores, for example as described above. Additionallyor alternatively to step 4505, the processor may analyze the receivedreadings from the detection elements, alone or in combination with theimage data, to determine the actual placement of the plurality ofproduct types on the shelves of the plurality of retail stores, forexample as described above.

In step 4507, the processor may determine at least one characteristic ofplanogram compliance based on detected differences between the at leastone planogram and the actual placement of the plurality of product typeson the shelves of the plurality of retail stores. Additionally oralternatively to step 4505 and/or step 4507, the processor may analyzethe image data and/or the received readings from the detection elementsto determine the at least one characteristic of planogram compliance.The estimated at least one characteristic of planogram compliance mayinclude any of the various characteristics of planogram compliancedescribed above (e.g., product facing, product placement, planogramcompatibility, price correlation, promotion execution, producthomogeneity, restocking rate, planogram compliance of adjacent products,and so forth). For example, the image data and/or the received readingsfrom the detection elements may be analyzed by a machine learning modeltrained using training examples to determine the at least onecharacteristic of planogram compliance from images and/or from readingsfrom detection elements attached to store shelves. In another example,the image data and/or the received readings from the detection elementsmay be analyzed by an artificial neural network configured to determinethe at least one characteristic of planogram compliance from imagesand/or from readings from detection elements attached to store shelves.

In step 4509, the processor may receive checkout data from the pluralityof retail stores reflecting sales of at least one product type from theplurality of product types.

In step 4511, the processor may estimate, based on the determined atleast one characteristic of planogram compliance and based on thereceived checkout data, an impact of the at least one characteristic ofplanogram compliance on the sales of the at least one product type.

In step 4513, the processor may, based on the estimated impact, identifyan action, associated with the at least one characteristic of planogramcompliance, for potentially increasing future sales of the at least oneproduct type.

In step 4515, the processor may provide information associated with theidentified action to an entity

The foregoing description has been presented for purposes ofillustration. It is not exhaustive and is not limited to the preciseforms or embodiments disclosed. Modifications and adaptations will beapparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of thespecification and practice of the disclosed embodiments. Additionally,although aspects of the disclosed embodiments are described as beingstored in memory, one skilled in the art will appreciate that theseaspects can also be stored on other types of computer readable media,such as secondary storage devices, for example, hard disks or CD ROM, orother forms of RAM or ROM, USB media, DVD, Blu-ray, or other opticaldrive media.

Computer programs based on the written description and disclosed methodsare within the skill of an experienced developer. The various programsor program modules can be created using any of the techniques known toone skilled in the art or can be designed in connection with existingsoftware. For example, program sections or program modules can bedesigned in or by means of .Net Framework, .Net Compact Framework (andrelated languages, such as Visual Basic, C, etc.), Java, C++,Objective-C, HTML, HTML/AJAX combinations, XML, or HTML with includedJava applets.

Moreover, while illustrative embodiments have been described herein, thescope of any and all embodiments having equivalent elements,modifications, omissions, combinations (e.g., of aspects across variousembodiments), adaptations and/or alterations as would be appreciated bythose skilled in the art based on the present disclosure. Thelimitations in the claims are to be interpreted broadly based on thelanguage employed in the claims and not limited to examples described inthe present specification or during the prosecution of the application.The examples are to be construed as non-exclusive. Furthermore, thesteps of the disclosed methods may be modified in any manner, includingby reordering steps and/or inserting or deleting steps. It is intended,therefore, that the specification and examples be considered asillustrative only, with a true scope and spirit being indicated by thefollowing claims and their full scope of equivalents.

What is claimed is:
 1. A system for processing images captured in aretail store, the system comprising: at least one processor configuredto: receive an image depicting a store shelf having a first product anda second product displayed thereon, wherein a type of the first productis different from a type of the second product; analyze the image todetect a representation in the image of the first product, wherein thefirst product has an outline design; determine a size of the firstproduct; determine a confidence level for the determined size; when theconfidence level does not meet a threshold, attempt to recognize thetype of the first product based on at least one of a brand associatedwith the first product, a logo associated with the first product, textassociated with the first product, a price associated with the firstproduct, and a shape of the first product; confirm the size of the firstproduct based on the recognized type of the first product; identify inthe image two outline elements associated with the outline design of thefirst product, wherein each of the two outline elements has a specificlength; and determine a type of the second product based on a comparisonof the lengths of the two outline elements.
 2. The system of claim 1,wherein the two outline elements are selected from a group including: atop of the first product, an orifice of the first product, a lip of thefirst product, a collar of the first product, a neck of the firstproduct, a heel of the first product, and a base of the first product.3. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is furtherconfigured to determine the size of the first product based on acomparison of the lengths of the two outline elements.
 4. The system ofclaim 3, wherein the at least one processor is further configured todetermine the size of the first product when at least 50% of the outlinedesign of the first product is obscured.
 5. The system of claim 3,wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: analyze theimage to obtain a distribution of lengths of a group of outlineelements, wherein the group of outline elements comprises at least thetwo outline elements associated with the outline design of the firstproduct; and use a property of the distribution of the lengths of thegroup of outline elements to determine the size of the first product. 6.The system of claim 3, wherein the at least one processor is furtherconfigured to: when the confidence level does not meet a predeterminedthreshold, analyze the image to identify another product on the storeshelf, wherein the other product includes another outline elementassociated with a specific length; and the confirmation of the size ofthe first product is further based on a comparison of the specificlength of the other outline element of the other product and the lengthof one of the two outline elements of the first product.
 7. The systemof claim 3, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to:when the confidence level does not meet a predetermined threshold,identify another outline element of the first product, wherein theanother outline element has a specific length; and the confirmation ofthe size of the first product is further based on a comparison of thespecific length of the another outline element of the first product andthe length of one of the two outline elements of the first product. 8.The system of claim 3, wherein the at least one processor is furtherconfigured to: when the confidence level does not meet a predeterminedthreshold, analyze the image to identify a label attached to the storeshelf, wherein the label includes a textual element associated with aspecific length; and the confirmation of the size of the first productis further based on a comparison of the specific length of the textualelement of the label and the length of one of the two outline elementsof the first product.
 9. The system of claim 1, wherein: the firstproduct comprises a first item and a second item; the image depicts thefirst item and the second item located adjacent each other; and thefirst and second items are associated with a common brand, but whereinthe first and second items have different sizes.
 10. The system of claim9, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to determinea first size for the first item and a second size for the second itembased on two outline elements associated with an outline design of thefirst item and two corresponding outline elements associated with anoutline design of the second item.
 11. The system of claim 9, whereinthe at least one processor is further configured to determine a firstsize for the first item and a second size for the second item based ontwo first outline elements associated with an outline design of thefirst item and two second outline elements associated with an outlinedesign of the second item, wherein at least one of the first outlineelements is different from the second outline elements.
 12. The systemof claim 9, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to:perform a first action associated with the first item; and perform asecond action associated with the second item, wherein the second actionis different from the first action.
 13. The system of claim 3, whereinthe at least one processor is further configured to use a Fano factor ofthe distribution of the lengths of the group of outline elements todetermine the size of the first product.
 14. A method for processingimages captured in a retail store, the method comprising: receiving animage depicting a store shelf having a first product and a secondproduct displayed thereon, wherein a type of the first product isdifferent from a type of the second product; analyzing the image todetect a representation in the image of the first product, wherein thefirst product has an outline design; determining a size of the firstproduct; determining a confidence level for the determined size; whenthe confidence level does not meet a threshold, attempting to recognizethe type of the first product based on at least one of a brandassociated with the first product, a logo associated with the firstproduct, text associated with the first product, a price associated withthe first product, and a shape of the first product; confirming the sizeof the first product based on the recognized type of the first product;identifying in the image two outline elements associated with theoutline design of the first product, wherein each of the two outlineelements has a specific length; and determining a type of the secondproduct based on a comparison of the lengths of the two outlineelements.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the two outline elementsare selected from a group including: an orifice of the first product, alip of the first product, a collar of the first product, a neck of thefirst product, a heel of the first product, and a base of the firstproduct.
 16. The method of claim 14, wherein determining size of thefirst product comprises: analyzing the image to obtain a distribution oflengths of a group of outline elements, wherein the group of outlineelements comprises at least the two outline elements associated with theoutline design of the first product; and using a property of thedistribution of the lengths of the group of outline elements todetermine the size of the first product.
 17. A computer program productfor processing images captured in a retail store embodied in anon-transitory computer-readable medium and executable by at least oneprocessor, the computer program product including instructions forcausing the at least one processor to execute a method comprising:receiving an image depicting a store shelf having a first product and asecond product displayed thereon, wherein a type of the first product isdifferent from a type of the second product; analyzing the image todetect a representation in the image of the first product, wherein thefirst product has an outline design; determining a size of the firstproduct; determining a confidence level for the determined size; whenthe confidence level does not meet a threshold, attempting to recognizethe type of the first product based on at least one of a brandassociated with the first product, a logo associated with the firstproduct, text associated with the first product, a price associated withthe first product, and a shape of the first product; confirming the sizeof the first product based on the recognized type of the first product;identifying in the image two outline elements associated with theoutline design of the first product, wherein each of the two outlineelements has a specific length; and determining a type of the secondproduct based on a comparison of the lengths of the two outlineelements.